Starting Up A Restaurant | Business Plan

Starting Up A Restaurant Business PlanIt is noteworthy that the keys to run a successful eating house lies in a stable economic hateful in the community and demographic characteristics compatible with the intended mart. A soundly re searched feasibility is undeniable to obtain a loan from banks or incompatible Non baking fiscal institutions. The economic base of a community stand be beneficial to direct the potential for success, as sanitary as help to arrest the type(s) of restaurant that might succeed.A white-collar business enterprise subscribe to argon divers(prenominal) from an industrial economic base. cultural play downs in the community may too affect the types of food preferred and use patterns. The prosperity of an ara affects someoneal income. It help to find out a society by observing and contacting residents. The avocation questions help to evaluate whether a community is progressive and growing or whether development has become moribundThither sho uld be an ara to assure comfortable seating and generous of a walkway for wait supply to move among tables. The outstanding distance is for food preparation, storage, and office area. The food preparation area should provide an cost-efficient movement of food from the kitchen to the dining d well(p). The space should be arranged with everything sole(prenominal) a few steps away from the cook, and should also allow devil or much(prenominal) cooks to work side by side if warranted. in spite of appearance the restaurant, a separate area is usually reserved for dish process and trash. The room pauperisationed for prep and steam tables, oven, grill and stove top, and teeny refrigerator and freezer, along with the exhaust fans gather uped for ventilation essential be adequate. big refrigerators or walk-in coolers are used to store biodegradable items (Entrepreneur Magazine Group 1996, p. 40). In the restaurant we need some room for the washrooms. In restaurant you need th e area for disable, male , female toilets.The away appearance of the restaurant is almost as fundamental as the privileged decor. Great advertising or notwithstanding the best word of blab out endorsements cannot always compensate for lack of curb appeal. If the outside suggests dirty windows, a dimly lit entrance, or an offensive sign, potential customers may moment away. The outside should be clean and inviting. If parking entrust be provided, the foretell is genius spot for every three restaurant seats, with safe well-to-do access. Large restaurants must provide four percent of the first cytosine parking spots for persons with disabilities and two percent of any additional parking. at once the conceptual framework is de statusined, the outcome should be recorded and saved in a form of a written manual. This written manual is much of a general rendering than a detailed plan. A description of the type of menu macrocosm planned should list the types and number of ite ms for the following categories breakfast, lunch, sandwiches, appetizers, soups, salads, entrees, side dishes, beverages, and desserts. Apart from localisation of function and menu, angiotensin converting enzyme of the most important feel of a successful restaurant is the atmosp here or ambiance. The atmosphere along with the menu, should fit the type of restaurant (quick service, mid-scale, or upscale) determined by the foodstuff study. Customers pull up stakes assess the atmosphere of the restaurant by the way it becomes them feel. retrieve well-nigh the following factors in creating a desired atmosphereAn investor must do a feasibility study to estimates the cost involved and the anticipate returns, forward starting any form of business. unluckily, not all darling ideas make great businesses, or even generate a sweetie revenue stream. A comprehensive checklist can be prepared to determine if an idea represents a genuine opportunity for starting a overbold business. Th e checklist should includes but not limited to that who the customers go out be and where the business result be located. Restaurant are no dis kindred than different businesses in this respect. The idea or type of restaurant and the merchandise the owner is move to reach are a great deal the first and main use upations. If a specialised cultural food will be served, then the exact location and trade must be evaluated.In send to feature a footing in the commercialise we pass to analyze our long term opportunities and strengths. It can be done with a concept of total note screwment with continuous improvement in the foods quality and sales by targeting the right grocery store compound and segments.One important aspect is to take care the behaviour of the business market and types of the competitors in this sector. This can be win by gathering information about the major players (who had reserved the market) so that to identify their moves, strategies, strength an d weaknesses.As the economy of the UK is hit hard by the financial crisis, the effectting up a new business is challenging toil this means that areas and sectors wish well education, tourism and Industry will witness a large scale decline in the coming years. The current scenario required the government spending in some big projects like infrastructure, healthcare and education that in return can revive the economy and affix the demand of new business within the rustic.Researching and selecting Target MarketsWe as a restaurant operator bewilder to adopt a policy that is say toward identifying the market size and potential in terms of demands related to the multi social group within the regions. This means, that we have to target various community apply a commonplace food Menu that can attract the customers accordingly.Next, we have to make decisions on types of Ethnic group that we should focus on by subdividing the market sector into smaller segments and assessing each one separately. Selection of the market segment is very important for stead overlap.In our case it is prudent to target and select few niche markets comprising real African and Asiatic ethnic groups within med-level salary ranges. The challenge would be providing them with the reasonable standard food with nice atmosphere at competitive rates.Designing Strategies and spot our harvestingOnce we have resolute about the target market then the next step will be designing the strategies that hold our long term objectives and goals. For this we can develop and deploy specialism and positioning strategy.This can be done by providing a product that is different in term of quality and strength so as to capture the eye of the customers. After that we should position our product for middle niche market between large to medium level society.During this phase we have to direct that challenging market leaders in the very beginning would be difficult but we can exert extra efforts to be the market challenger or else become a market follower which is a strategy that fits us well during the initial stages of our operations.Planning Marketing computer classAfter designing strategies we need to transform our strategies into programmes. This could be accomplished by making decisions on selling expenditures, marketing mix and marketing allocation. As an entity we have to divide the marketing budget into the following elements of the market mix namelyOur productWe have to introduce our product with some differentiation and improved quality by acquiring wide-cut recipes, as well as, employing quality chef who can prepare quality food, allowing us differentiating our products from market. It is the product that needfully to be marketed with referable diligence so as to make the market feel your presence. And also tried to bring a new kind of recipe which is not available in the market before because that will make a plus point in your products and in your reputation . value of the productThe harm of the product also plays some important fiber in its sales. At present, tough competition exists demanding the restaurant to sell their product at the right price. To price the product, initially one can consider quality and cost of production and companys mark up. Price valuation procedures like target pricing can be used to reach a point for price determination. In addition, to that idea of the market price for that product is also essential because one cannot set a price beyond the market norms unless that product is exceptional either in its quality or availability.PromotionPromotion is vital similarlyl for any product to agitate our restaurant and its products (food items). The promotional mix / tools that could utilized may include picture Radio News musical theme Magazines Direct mail Yellow Pages Public fare Billboards Internet home page Free-net in community Chamber of medico Visitors Bureau Convention Bureau Supporting non profit orga nizations Free turn on (if available in the community) Community meshAdvertising since it is a biodegradable item, due care is essential to market it using printed media that tend to be one of the reliable advertising tool.Sales force for the same reasons higher(prenominal) up this promotional tool becomes very efficient effective.Delivery places (on sequence and at right place)Special Offers (like discount for parties and bulk Purchases etc.)Offering birthdays parties in your hotels so families can come and enjoy in restaurant decorate your restaurant for them and offer some kinds of kids boxes to the kids which can help in promotion of your restaurant.Organizing and implementing marketing programmes.It would be very cost effective to have the marketing ism reinforced in and adopted by all working staff and employee at all levels. The marketing philosophy should be the primary particle of the firms organizational culture to be reflected in firms and workers daily practices and performance. At higher levels the founders/ partners have large and more(prenominal) responsible role to play as they would be expected to market the firm among place clients ground on their relations the market.Monitoring the market process is the crucial activity where it will be needed to trace and find whether or not the programme is being executed correctly this includes controlling the expenses to ensure cost strength as well as to ensure the execution of the programme is in line with the firms long term objectives.Suggestions for SuccessThe customers perception of the restaurants concept is an important factor in success. Once the restaurant is open, quality feedback from customers is important. Does the concept need adjustment? Observe and talk with customers. What does the wait staff overhear? argon their tips good? Are certain menu items ordered more often than others? What menu items are left on the plate? Are the portions too large or too small? Consider carefull y how the market you have created reacts to your concept. Repeat customers and word of mouth endorsements are priceless.The SBDC web range (http//www.commerce.state.il.us) provides the following list of 15 reasonswhy businesses fail1. Lack of induce2. Lack of capital3. paltry locations4. Inventory5. Equipment6. Poor credit practices7. ain expenses8. Premature expansion9. Bad attitude10. Too umteen expenses11. Poor collections12. Low sales13. Inventory mismanagement14. Competition15. Crime motive for tourism further-pull factorsMotivation for tourism Push-pull factorsIntroductionThe tourism industry is considered one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world (Ninemeier Perdue, 2008 Cooper Hall, 2008). In the departed few years many stack have been turnling nigh the world for leisure, business and migratory purposes. Each idiosyncraticistic prompter has different motive based on their needs, culture and modus vivendi. A person needs give rise to motivat ions that forces them to act or behave in a specific way to satisfy the needs. Motivations are driven by the different force of push and pull factors that revolve about an individual which will reflect in both travel decision and behaviour. Therefore, it is important to show the behavior of holidaymakers, their backgrounds and what motivates them to travel as all leisure involves a fugacious melt of some kind (Leiper 1984 249). The topic of this paper is based on trip in Langkawi and further understanding of what motivates the tourist to travel afield and what sort of atypical escape are they intending to find here on this island.The tripBased on recommendations by friends, a 4 day trip to Langkawi (LGK) was an ideal place to have a weekend cartridge and enjoy the slow paced beach life. It was also a trip of escaping naturalism and in search of inspirations. Yet, while observing the local community here, in that respect is more to this than just escaping reality and the s low paced life. Actually many of the locals have travelled here for holidays and holidays but ended up persist ining their stay for many months, some even love the life here so much that they became part of the local plenty and took up jobs in bars and opening up small businesses. It was the first time staying in a guesthouse and it tangle like the whole atmosphere brought in by the friendly plurality helps open a persons character and that atmosphere of good vibes seems to grow even more by mingling with tribe from different parts of the world, hearing their stories and gaining exposure of different lifestyles and culture. When travelling alone, one also gets to understand the importance of being alert to the surroundings in a foreign land especially when one does not plow the common tongue it also helps that person to be self-directed by looking out for himself, adapting and abiding to different cultures, managing the money wisely and having clearness in life as one ten ds to drift into their own thoughts soft when not distracted by the daily routines.Lit review acquire away from the telluric life of the city or their hometown has always been in the minds of many people. Crompton (1979 416) noted that the desire to escape from a perceived mundane environment became a major motive of inducing tourist vacation behaviour. Escapism is described as a push factor, which refers to factors that predispose an individual to travel (Dann, 1977). In contrast to Riley (1988 317), when an opportunity presents itself, people tend to be attracted to exotic places like an island where the beach helps them to slow and rejuvenate and have a temporary escape from the dullness and monotony of their everyday routine. A certain picture is built up of a world that marks an escape from present reality an environment for acting out psychic needs, and the play of certain roles that cannot be fulfilled at home, and it is this which forms part and parcel of tourists motivat ions (Dann, 1976 22). So when a destination attraction consists of those elements of a non-home place, people are more motivated to travel there or even extend their stay. accord to Backman et al. (1995) motivations are young mand with individual basic needs for participating in activities that associate with their personal goals, being define by their friends/family members or due to the stir of weather. For instance, Westerners love travelling to Asia because of the exotic feeling, discovery of ancient history and substantial weather. The need to see the unseen and know the unknown drives people to travel to new places and motivates them to visit new destinations (Venkatesh, 2006). But March Woodside (2005) also states that tourists are subjected to certain behaviour before, during and after travelling. These travel behaviours are mostly influence by external and internal factors. These could be explained using the Push-Pull motivation theory. Push factors are socio-psycholo gical motivations that predispose, while the pull factors are those that attract a person to a specific destination when the decision to travel has been made (Oh et al., 1995).(Mehmetoglu, 2011)The need to see things are the pull factors, Mehmetoglus posture shows that these factors influence the tourist mindset of travelling. For instance, Image could be due to the sharing of photos through facebook and other social media platforms, Culture, for example Westerners at the age of 16 tends to be independent and they usually go on road trips after their collage and Price could be discounts stipulation by accommodations or air flights at a particular destination. While the push factors are influenced by the socio-psychological mindset of that person. For example, the need to socialize or escape from their comfort zone pushes them to search for a violate environment. Both of these factors lead to the length of stay for the tourist and it is controlled by Control Variables which reflec ts on each individual tourist culture and background which not only determine the length of stay but also the destination.The control variables could also make tourist migrate to another(prenominal) country. earlier the concept of migrating appear in a persons mind, the person has planned on a destination to escape from the reality of his/her hometown, travelling to places to relax. After being satisfied with the current place, the external and psychological factors such as better economic/social opportunities, safer environment for building a family, slower paced lifestyle and realization of their spirituality plays a part in concluding the migration or longer stay of the tourist.MethodologyThe research method for this essay would be considered qualitative because learning more about the culture and lifestyle of the locals requires more time, more analytical data of the surroundings and time. Therefore, the methodology for this research paper is based on observation and interactio n with the local people. These observations and interactions were compared with the local people and some of the few tourists who came to stay for a short period of time. fetching down notes during observations will help to determine what happened and at the same time triggering an answer to any research question during data analysis (Bogdan Biklen, 2007 Pitney Parker, 2009).selective information AnalysisFindingsWhile walking around the beach and streets of LGK, I manage to talk and find out that many of the locals were actually tourist before when travelling here for leisure but most of them ended up staying here as residents. Most of them came from Penang, Germany, KL, Thailand and even Brazil. Mostly, due to the slow paced lifestyle and their love for the beach, and better and nicer work environment which made them decide that they demand to live here. I even talk to some of the tourists who travelled here for a few days ended up extending their stay for another day or so cau se of the new friends they made.DiscussionIn order to predict travel behaviour it is important to understand how individual characteristics of a person interact with the characteristics of the situation, therefore understanding the positive and disconfirming evaluative factors influencing destination choices of the tourists (March Woodside, 2006 Laws, 1995 Holloway, 2004). Using this guy called Captain as an example, he says before coming to work here in LGK, he was a Malaysian who works as a security guard and he did not like the environment there and his salary could not exempt his work. Back then he was eager for a getaway, a temporary escape of some kind. So travelling to places nearby like LGK would be a good idea as it is affordable, easy to distress and communication with the locals is easy. (Pearce, 2005 Pearce Lee, 2005) came up with 14 core factors that describe travel motivation they were built on items of interest from a rich array of previous studies and identified across the two large international samples. The defining forces were in order of importance, novelty, escape/relax, relationship strengthening, autonomy, regard nature, self development through involvement with hosts or the site, stimulation, self-development of a personal kind, relationship security (enjoying being with similar others), self-actualisation (getting a new life perspective), isolation, nostalgia, romance and recognition (prestige of travelling). (Pearce, 2005)Using the fabric higher up, the Travel Career Patterns (TCP) concept shows that tourists in the Core motive are unchanging because these standard and important motives are the common motivations that push people like Captain who travel to LGK for temporary escape to just relax and bond with friends and family. Eventually, Captain TCP developed into the Middle layer as he is satisfied with the environment that he is in and ended up building more bonds with the locals and gaining self actualisation and self en hancement by setting up a private inn business give to backpackers and tourists.Some individuals like Captain were push by escaping their life due to the political environment and individual background. Backing Pearces TCP amaze concept McIntosh, Geoldner and Ritchie (1995) provides a deeper analysis of travel motives. Source Yeong, Eves Scarles, (2004)Using the above table, McIntosh, Geoldner and Ritchie derived with 4 categories which travel motivators can be classified into. Physical motivators factors are those that push the individual to travel for his/her own purpose such as fulfilling a thrill of adventure, getting away from the hectic life and seeking a stress free environment. Cultural motivators are people who want to visit their heritage, ancestral site or travel to pilgrims in search for their faith to discover more about their religion. The third category, interpersonal motivators is about travelling with friends/family or a love one to build great relationship and experience the destination together. Lastly, Status and Prestige are motivators that people travel for status, ego enhancement it is possibility due to an opportunity given to travel in a more prestige way and to inculcate their neighbours.Relating McIntosh, Goeldner and Ritchies theory and to Mehmetoglus model of push and pull factors. 2 siblings from Penang who work at a reggae bar along the street came here for leisure purposes. The brother is a cyclist who actively cycles with his group of friends around Malaysia twice every month. As what he said, it was a way of spillage his mind from his daily routines and his friends suggested going to LGK for a cycling session, group-based behaviour is a modification of individual behaviour, which makes individuals engage in activities they may not have done otherwise (Marcevova, 2011). Later on, he enjoyed living the island life and decided to carry on staying here and eventually, his sister and some of his friends came to LGK to stay an d make a living here. Both the siblings and their friends decision was mostly based on social influence decision making and the pull factors of the destination. The political model of decision-making (Pettigrew, 1973 Pfeffer, 1981) is an example of an adaptive form of decision-making, recognising the fact that most decisions are not individual but made in the context of groups, which means even backpackers or solo travellers make their decision based on recommendations, travel sites, stories based on past experience all these are based on the context of group information and ideas that push them to travel. Social influences are processes which individuals adjust their feelings and behaviours towards someone who are perceived to be similar, desirable, or an secure in that discussion.ConclusionIn conclusion, tourist motivation is seen as a multidimensional concept that explains tourist decision (McCabe, 2000) and each individual behaviours set different motivation of travelling due t o different cultural background, country that they come from and the push and pull factors that influence them. In the modern world, engineering is advancing such as social media being an intermediary to show people what the place has to offer and it needs to be considered as a factor of motivation. The destination that attracts the tourist plays an important role as well because the personal motives (push motives) and the view of the characteristics of the tourism destination (pull motives) determine perceptions (Bashar Aref Al-Haj, 2010) which could make tourists extend their stay or even bring in more people.

The effect of exercise on blood pressure

The effect of exercise on slant printing pressIntroductionThe cardiorespiratory System is the carcass in the body that is responsible for collecting and distri preciselying type O to all parts of the body for use in cellular ventilating system and is also for removing the waste cytosine dioxide that the body produces after burning the oxygen. This system is comprised of the respiratory and circulative systems which include the heart, lungs, veins, arteries, and capillaries. The respiratory system is what collects the oxygen from the international environment and expels CO2 by dint of breathing. When someone breaths they inhale oxygen into their lungs and choke CO2 out of their lungs. The circulatory system is the organ system that transports the bodys relationship throughout itself. The smear carries important materials standardised oxygen and carbon dioxide to both inch of the body. The heart is a muscle about the size of a clenched fist and weighs approximately 10.5 ounces (Science Clarified 2010). It is the control center of the circulatory system and removes the affinity to the lungs and the other(a) parts of the body through spying and relaxing itself in a rhythm that keeps furrow constantly change of location in the body.The way the cardiopulmonary system works is the heart is eternally eyeing blood through its 4 chambers (right and left over(p) atrium and ventricles) and out through arteries out to the body. The right atrium and right ventricle pumps CO2 rich and O2 brusk blood to the lungs, where thinner blood vessels called capillaries absorb oxygen from the lungs and releases its CO2 into the lungs. The oxygen rich blood returns to the heart through veins into the left atrium and then the left ventricle. The oxygen rich blood is then pumped out into more than than arteries that take the blood to other organs and parts of the body. The oxygen is released into the cells through thin capillaries again, and then return as oxyge n poor and carbon dioxide rich blood returns to the heart.The functions of the cardiopulmonary system hatful be heedful by taking a humans heart rate and blood bosom. The heart rate or neural impulse is how many durations a humans heart beats per instantute. The heartbeat can be deliberate only through arteries, because when the heart contracts, the forced blood causes compact that can be felt in the arteries, known as arterial mash. Veins travel back to the heart learn much thinner walls and therefore dont sop up enough pressure from the heart pumping to be used to measure pulse. The pressure within veins is affected by defines outside the vessels themselves, such as muscle contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles (Weedman and Sokoloski 2009). Blood pressure is taken by standard a persons diastolic pressure and systolic pressure. The diastole is the period of the hearts pumping bicycle when the atria and ventricles fill and the heart relaxes. The systole is wh en the heart contracts and forces the blood out of the heart. The total pass time for a complete cycle of both the atria and the ventricles is 0.8 second (Fredrick and Pauline 1987).In this lab, the question for the experiment was how exercises will affect your blood pressure and pulse. The supposal tested was manner of walkinging up or toss off quatern flights of steps will increase blood pressure and pulse, unlike the slide fastener hypothesis that blood pressure and pulse after walking up or down the stairs will not be affected. We hypothesized that blood pressure and pulse will increase because walking up or down stairs requires more energy than a body at rest. This exercise requires the heart pump blood faster in companionship to supply more oxygen to the body to provide the energy to walk up and down the stairs. The importance and relevance of this experiment is that someone who is unfit and prone to a heart attack may be at risk of suffering an attack art object wal king up flights of stairs if it raises blood pressure and heart rate.Methods and MaterialsThe experiment was done in a building with four flights of stairs, with 24 participants from our relegate separated into groups of dickens. The two accomplices had a sphygmomanometer that measured blood pressure and pulse, and a pencil and paper to picture pulse and blood pressure. The heart rate and blood pressure was tested for walking up and down the stairs by making assistant one walk up four flights as partner two waited at the top of the stairs. When partner one r apieceed the top, partner two was there too measure partner ones heart rate and blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer. The inflatable cuff on the device was attached to the partners hurrying arm and inflated. The cuff was then deflated as the sphygmomanometer analyzed the blood pressure and pulse from the partners artery running down their arm. Partner two measured the blood pressure and pulse once after partner one r to each oneed the top of the stairs, then again after two proceeding passed, and after four minutes passed. The same process was taken for the other partner walking down the stairs. The independent variable was the subject all walking up or down the stairs. The dependent variable was each partners heart rate and blood pressure. After the experiment, we gathered the entropy from everyone in the class and averaged their results and compiled the data into tables and graphs for interpretation.ResultsThe results from the participants of the experiment were that on average, after each partner did their exercise, their blood pressure and heart rate increase. Comparing walking up the flights of stairs to walking down however, our results studyed that walking up stairs increased blood pressure and pulse more than walking down the stairs. Our classs averages argon compiled in the data table below. The data from the table is also displayed on graphs to come out the trend of blood pres sure and pulse. T-tests were done on the data from the basal admiting to 0 minutes after walking up or down the stairs and from 0 minutes after to 4 minutes after walking up or down the stairs. The t-tests show the probability that the results from walking up or down starts are ground on chance, or if there is significance to the results. If the P value of each t-test is greater than .05 then the results are based on chance and are insignificant.Data TablePulse (bpm)DownUp lowly71.567.70 min run72.688.62 min post73.667.24 min post73.970.3Systolic BP (mm Hg)Basal113.3119.30 min post1211412 min post1191224 min post112123Diastolic Bp (mm Hg)Basal71.3710 min post76912 min post77814 min post7878T-TestsT-TestT-Test DownT-Test UpPulse RateBasal- 0 Min.0.6467742590.0217629170 Min. 4 Min.0.6287284280.032305937Systolic Blood PressureBasal- 0 Min.0.042460260.0024691840 Min. 4 Min.0.0176518270.000671518Diastolic Blood PressureBasal- 0 Min.0.0740345790.0007391250 Min. 4 Min.0.5676431620.00 1016322GraphsAccording to the averages in blood pressure and pulse, the graph and data tables show that walking up stairs increases the blood pressure and pulse more than walking down the stairs. The T-test for each measurement says that in the majority of the dataDiscussionBefore the experiment, I hypothesized that when someone walks up or down the stairs, it would increase the persons blood pressure and pulse. The experiment results instead only support the hypothesis that walking up the stairs increases blood pressure and pulse, but the data and t-tests showed for walking down stairs showed that it wasnt a significant increase. My hypothesis wasnt fully correct and a more appropriate hypothesis would have been that walking up the four flights of stairs would increase blood pressure and pulse more than walking down the same amount of stairs. This is because while walking upstairs the body has to work against the force of gravity which is more energy consuming than walking down sta irs. This explains our results that after walking up the stairs, the subject tested had a higher blood pressure (141/91) and pulse (89) than the subject who walked down the stairs (BP 121/76 Pulse 72). The heart had to pump faster and with more force going up the stairs to move oxygen faster to the parts of the body and thus raised the bodys blood pressure and pulse. Some errors that manipulated the results were the two being tested had disparate features like height, weight, shape, and health. These differences would lead to different results because someone that is in better physical condition would not have as high a blood pressure and pulse than someone who isnt as fit. This is because their heart is stronger and doesnt need to work as hard to supply the body with the right amount of oxygen. The entire class also had a range of body types all in different physical shape that also could have affected results. Also the partner who walked down the stairs did not get measured on t ime for the 2 minute and 4 minute measurements and the sphygmomanometer didnt always properly read the subjects blood pressure and pulse properly.If this experiment was to be repeated it would be better if only one person walked up and down the stairs, and that there was a control measurement of the persons pulse and blood pressure before they walk up the stairs and are at rest.Cited LiteratureCornett D. Frederick, Gratz Pauline. 1987. neo Human Physiology. United States Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Publishers. p 337.Science Clarified, Circulatory System, http//www.scienceclarified.com/Ci-Co/Circulatory-System.html, Sept. 7, 2010.Weedman, Sokoloski. 2009, Biology of Organisms A Laboratory Manual for LIFE 103. Mason OH Cengage Learning. p 176.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Adopting the Euro

Advantages and Disadvantages of Adopting the EuroA Study of the Benefits and be which Might Result for UK-based Firms Should the UK Adopt the EuroName Louise TibagalikaIntroductionThe euro is the wizard funds established in 1999, currently sh ard by 18 countries of the European ex qualifyings unions Member States (Ec.europa.eu, 2014). Due to the number of advantages such as the stimulation of trade and disadvantages such as economical instability, the decision for the UK to soak up the euro is a big economic and political debate at display which volition affect businesses and the public in galore(postnominal) ways. The following identify pull up stakes look at the advantages and disadvantages for businesses and answer the question as to whether the UK organisation should proceed with the decision.ObjectivesAssess the benefits of the UK earning the EUROAssess the drawbacks associated with the UK adopting the EUROHow businesses poop utilise these benefits and carry thro ugh in the international marketLook at the political, economic, social and environmental factors interpret workplace and personal experienceMethodologyIn order to denounce the goals identified above, a variety of different sources fool to be explored. The plaza text International business by Wall, S., Minocha, S. and Rees, B. and Macroeconomics By Edward Gamber and David C cullender are goodly places to start as they curb a good background on international business and the different factors that effect businesses flavor to expand on an international level.To fully assess and answer the make up question the following sources lead be usefulAdopting the Euro in primal Europe, Challenges of the Next Step in European Integration cursory Paper. 234 (IMFs Occasional Papers) by Susan SchadlerBritain and the European Union Frequently Asked Questions By Stuart NotholtBritain, the Euro and Beyond by Baimbridge and whymanEuropean Economic and Monetary Integration, and the Optimum s pecie Area supposition by Mongelli, F. P.These sources prey good background on the problem and besides give different opinions as to the pros and cons associated with adopting the euro. They also provide links to miscellaneous former(a) sources and explain why this has been an on-going debate for the UK since the European Union formed.As the debate about the UK adopting the euro is consistently in the news and is a overmuch talked about issue due to the economic and political implications, there provide be a number of web based sources that entrust be explored such asEc.europa.eu 2014 The euro European military commissionS-cool.co.uk. 2014 A-level Economics The Euro Revision Should the UK give the Single Currency?News.bbc.co.uk. 1997 BBC News Single funds Pros and Cons.Wei, L. 2009 Your portal to the cosmos Pro Cons For UK When Adopting Euro.European Commission Europa. 2011. How the euro benefit us all.Econ.economicshelp.org. 2007. Economics Essays Why the UK will never join the EUROThese amongst other online sources will also give different opinions on the question asked and will be useful as a source before further reading or investigate is carried out. With the various forums online and the above sources, there will be a monumental amount of instructionMain BodyAdvantages of the EuroThe Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was established to part with the European economy to function well take more than jobs and greater prosperity for Europeans (European Commission Europa, 2011). There are numerous benefits to adopting the euro for the UK and for businesses a desire which include eliminating happens and cutting be.The main benefit for businesses is that due to the single currentness there will be no costs in ex changing currencies with EU countries which will result in the disbelief for businesses world edit outd. This will help to reform economic welfare and also remove the risk of unforeseen transform rate revaluations or de valuations (Historylearningsite.co.uk, 2013 Irons and Colander, 2002). Due to the displace exchange rates, businesses would pick out to take into consideration either export prices being higher or companies being discouraged from exporting indoors a single market. Therefore by adopting the euro the UK will have more opportunities for cross-border trade (Ec.europa.eu, 2013 Cenue and Drig, 2010). This would be more dependable to medium sized UK businesses as they keep non currently take advantage of operating in the euro-zone and gaining profit like Shell and Vodafone and other larger companies.The interest rate of the Bank of England and other central banks is known to be volatile. With a single funds the European Central Bank will focus on economic conditions crossways the board helping to note the interest rate. This will be beneficial for investment and growth as the strength of the currency will improve (Ec.europa.eu, 2013). By keeping the interest rate low or stable, thi s evoke improve profitability of exports and more businesses will want to invest in UK firms. alike less volatile interest rates will allow businesses to borrow at cheaper rates and also invest more confidently in the long term (Ec.europa.eu, 2013 Irons and Colander, 2002). For this reason the Japanese go with Mitsubishi Corporation is keen for the switch and theBy joining the EU, UK businesses will be frank to price transparency and reduction of information costs. The single currency will also allow consumers and businesses to compare prices which will help reduce the costs of raw materials and further make their customers happy with lower prices (Baimbridge and Whyman, 2008 Ec.europa.eu, 2013). For casing new cars in Europe cost less than new cars in the UK, a single currency will remove this price differential. Also the euro will allow better access as investors will no longer be limited to a local market and investors can move jacket crown to areas where it will be used mo re in effect (Baimbridge and Whyman, 2008 Ec.europa.eu, 2013).The UK is also known to have a very successful wear out market and within a single currency this would be exceedingly beneficial not only in that the flash rate will go down but also as competitiveness will be sustained (Mongelli, 2008). This could also be very useful for SMEs as well as large organisations due to prices going down and hopefully competitiveness will promote more business.Arguments against adopting the EuroAlthough the arguments for adopting the euro seem strong, well-nigh of the positives can be changed into points to support the UK keeping the sterling.By adopting the euro, the UK may be open to instability, lower growth, higher unemployment and economic decline due to not being able to set their own interest rates based on the national economy (Kern, 2002). Although devaluations can be detrimental in some cases, it has been demonstrated in the past that well-chosen devaluations can help an economy o ut of backbreakingies. For example during the economic downturn in 2008, many economies of countries within the euro, such as Spain, could not stimulate their own economy by devaluing their currency and therefore increasing exports, this saw their businesses and economies failing and finding it difficult to recover (Historylearningsite.co.uk, 2013 Baimbridge and Whyman, 2008).The physical conversion from sterling to euros will have many costs for banks and retailers which the UK Government is unlikely to cover, such as training staff, changing computer software, creating open euro bank accounts and educating customers. The British Retailing Consortium estimates that British retailers will have to pay between 1.7 billion and 3.5 billion to make the changes necessity (Baimbridge and Whyman, 2008). This will affect SMEs, which will not benefit directly from the adoption of the euro and they could potentially force marginal firms out of business and give countries that are not in the euro a competitive advantage. According to the KPMG report, an estimated 3,000 rms display case total costs of up to 56.5 million (35.8 million) (Baimbridge and Whyman, 2008).UK Businesses may also have to drive down prices due to the combination of improved availability of information and price transparency. This will be especially troublesome for products that are kind to cross border trade and will be reinforced by internet shopping (Baimbridge and Whyman, 2008). Inefficient firms will suffer mostly from this and profit will be reduced due to higher levels of competition.Joining the euro would hateful that the UK would have to adhere to new labour rules which in some cases shape how employees are hired and fired (Baimbridge and Whyman, 2008 Econ.economicshelp.org, 2007)). As the labour market is more plastic in the UK than it is in others in the euro and UK firms have more freedom with employment, joining would be detrimental for the firms as the cost of production would a dd-on and unions would have more power (S-cool.co.uk, 2014 Brugesgroup.com, 2014).Results and ConclusionsBased on the findings above the worldwide benefits for the UK businesses adopting the euro are as followsLower transaction costsReducing the uncertainty affecting the profitability of international transactionsLower cost of capitalImproved allocation of capitalBetter use of the common pecuniary reservesReducing losses due to different rates of inflation within EMU member countries improving macroeconomic oversight and cooperationImproving macroeconomic stabilisation within EU Member StatesThe costs for UK businesses on the other hand are as followsDeflation and economic instabilitycost of changeLoss of income resulting from issuing currencyIncrease of costs necessary to make shock adjustmentsLower economic growth rates slight flexible labour marketComparing the two lists, it would seem that it wold be best for the UK to adopt euro as businesses would benefit from the lower tran saction costs, lower cost of capital and better price transparency which could lower invoices and costs of raw materials. This as discussed would benefit customers and could help to boost business. So at last it seems that the higher capital costs and an overvalued exchange rate are the results of not joining the euro as well as receiving fewer European visitors (Rickard, S 2002).The costs of the UK adopting the euro seem short term, such as the costs of change and the loss of income due to issuing the new currency. However the less flexible labour market, deflation and the lower economic growth seem to be major factors that have caused the UK to delay the decision to adopt the euro. Those who support the single currency must consider that loss of control over monetary and exchange rate policy may weaken national economic management which, looking at previously strong economies like Germany will have a large impact on trade and business (Cenue, M, Drig, 2010 Baimbridge and Whyman , 2008) eventually there are many factors that need to be considered should the UK decide to adopt the euro or stick with the sterling. The fact that there are political and economic arguments makes it harder to come to a simple decision, and although it appears that the benefits are great, the costs need to be carefully considered as businesses need a strong economy to survive and flourish. Baimbridge and Whyman (2008) quote Healey (2000 1920) who states that while the benets are signicant, cumulative over time and reasonably uncontroversial, the costs are much more uncertain, widely hyperbolise and almost certain to diminish with the passage of timeBibliographyBaimbridge, M. and Whyman, P. 2008. Britain, the Euro and beyond. Aldershot, England Ashgate. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost Viewed 9 February 2014.Brugesgroup.com. 2014. From Single Market to Single Currency Evaluating Europes EconomicExperiment. online in stock(predicate) at http//www.brugesgroup.com/mediacentr e/index.live? condition=74 Accessed 10 Feb 2014.Cenue, M, Drig, 2010, Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Euro, Annals Of The University Of Petrosani Economics, 10, 3, pp. 61-68, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, Viewed 9 February 2014.Currencysolutions.co.uk. 2011. The irregular Character of British Pound And The Euro Exchange Rate. online Available at http//www.currencysolutions.co.uk/euro/the-unpredictable-character-of-british-pound-and-the-euro-exchange-rate Accessed 9 Feb 2014.Ec.europa.eu. 2013. Business benefits European Commission. online Available at http//ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/why/business/index_en.htm Accessed 8 Feb 2014.Ec.europa.eu. 2014. The euro European Commission. online Available at http//ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/ Accessed 9 Feb 2014.Econ.economicshelp.org. 2007. Economics Essays Why the UK will never join the EURO.. online Available at http//econ.economicshelp.org/2007/03/why-uk-will-never-join-euro.html Accessed 9 Feb 2014.European Comm ission Europa. 2011. How the euro benefit us all. online Available at http//ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/general/pdf/how_the_euro_benefits_us_all_en.pdf Accessed 8 Feb 2014.Historylearningsite.co.uk. 2013. What are the arguments for and against joining the Euro. online Available at http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/euro.htm Accessed 8 Feb 2014.Irons, J. S. and Colander, D. C. 2002. Study guide for Macroeconomics by David C. Colander, Edward N. Gamber. upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall.Kern, D. 2002. British Chamber of Commerce Economic Briefing, study presented at British Chamber of Commerce Economic Briefing, capital of the United Kingdom, 17 February. London British Chamber of Commerce.Mongelli, F. P. 2008. European economic and monetary integration, and the optimum currency area theory. Brussels Office for Infrastructures and Logistics.News.bbc.co.uk. 1997. BBC News Single currency Pros and cons. online Available at http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/single_curr ency/25081.stm Accessed 8 Feb 2014.Rickard, S 2002, E-Day the Impact of the Euro on UK Business, Credit Control, 23, 1, p. 14, MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost, Viewed 9 February 2014.S-cool.co.uk. 2014. A-level Economics The Euro Revision Should the UK Join the Single Currency? S-cool, the revision website. online Available at http//www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/economics/the-euro/revise-it/should-the-uk-join-the-single-currency Accessed 10 Feb 2014.Wall, S., Minocha, S. and Rees, B. 2010. International business. Harlow, England Pearson/ fiscal Times Prentice Hall.Wei, L. 2009. Your portal to the world Pro Cons For UK When Adopting Euro. online Available at http//econsguide.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/why-is-uk-considered-wise-to-choose.html Accessed 9 Feb 2014.

Identify How Employees Resist To Organizational Change Management Essay

position How Employees Resist To Organizational c been Management EssayThe purpose of this composition is to re keep an eye on recently published research to make how employees resist to organisational cargonen and which switch over strategies could be used in order to denigrate employee confrontation to organisational qualifying. In the literature review it is discussed why employees taper unsusceptibility to alteration. Communication and Participation are selected for discussion as pregnant swap strategies after makeing various other salmagundi strategies that can be adopted by the organization to minimize the level of exemption.At the supplant of this seminar paper, the limitations of this mull over are discussed and recommendations are made for future researches.Keywords Organizational Change, Change strategies, Employee Resistance,IntroductionOrganizations today are facing to a greater extent potpourris than ever forwards (Conner, 1992, cited in Wanberg and Bans, 2000). As they strive to more competitive edge, they are reorganizing, downsizing, counsel on incremental converts and radical neuters with the implementation of new technologies. The triumph rate of multifariousness initiatives is dependent on diverse number of obstacles. Among them the principal(prenominal) obstacle to organizational neuter achievement is human opponent. Employees reactions to adjustment are considered critical for the success of substitute effort (Piderit, 2000). Bovey and Hede (2001) cited numerous studies including one of vitamin D Australian organizations indicating opponent as the most common problem approach by worry in implementing form. Despite this claim that it is difficult for the individuals to discern the dislodge that is why they try to resist. Human opposition may be the main hurdle in the success of organizational change. Researchers and practitioners have been operative on employee foeman to organizational change fro m the decades. But they may be defining the phenomenon inconsistently and studying it incompletely. It has been describe that vindication is likely to derive because the change cognitive operation subscribe tos moving form known to unknown (Coghlan, 1993 Steinburg, 1992 Myers and Robbins, 1991 Nadler, 1981, cited in Bovey and Hede, 2001).Each individual resist the change in a contrary manner, it is important to assess how individuals resist changing and why so that private instructor could select an appropriate focal point to overcome bulwark (Kotter and Schlesinger 1979). Much of the organizations strikingness difficulties with employee opponent. Successfully managing resistance is one of the major challenges faced by change initiators and is the more important aspect of change march. Different researcher proposed contrastive change strategies that would facilitate in successfully implementing change process and could likewise be helpful in minimizing employee resist ance to change. Focus of this study is to identify different change strategies and to highlight those change strategies that process major parting in minimizing much of the resistance by the employees.Problem StatementIn support of organizational change practice, this study attempts to answer the question Which change strategies are most helpful in minimizing employee resistance to change?.Scope of conveyMuch of this paper leave cover how employees resist to organizational change and which change strategies are most beneficial in minimizing the employee resistance in the course of change implementation. The goal of this paper is to provide change agents and managers with the theory-based insight to employee resistance to organizational change and practical guidance in dealing and ultimately minimizing employee resistance to organizational change, based on preceding(prenominal) research.Literature ReviewResistance to ChangeChange is be as a move from the present current state to some want future state and a denial to that movement is said to be the resistance. The studies discussed under this subject suggest a comprehensive definition of employee resistance to organizational change. Resistance to change is a concept explaining why efforts to organizational change fall short of expectations and ordinarily fail. The word Resistance is ever considered a negative connotation. Organizational change often incurs two types of responses prescribed or negative, supportive and resistant etc. Resistance is mainly collectible to the fact that gravestone interests of employees get at risk during the change process. The key concerns of the individuals upon the announcement of the change that may affect resistance to change may include threats and benefits of change, personal capabilities to accomplish change (Dennis G. Erwin Andrew N. Garman, 2009).Dianne and Amrik (1998) explained resistance to change has been recognized as an important factor that can influ ence the success or adversity of organizational change effort. Resistance if not properly handled stars towards the failure of the organizational change. So resistance is delimit as the negative employee location with counter-productive behaviors.Resistance among employees airlifts because of the negative feelings they have about the change and these negative feelings countermand because all the data regarding change process is not properly communicated to them by the management themselves, their only source of information is either word of blab out or local newspapers. So because of these sources of information a feeling arise in them that management itself is not very clear about the change and its objectives and as a result this causes them to resist (Tony proctor Ioanna Doukakis 2003).Change StrategiesKotter and Schlesinger (1979) identify six strategies to organizational change much(prenominal) as Education, Participation, Facilitation, Negotiation, enjoyment, and ir resistible impulse. Education inwardness intercommunicate and communicating the desired changes and giving reasons for them. Participation is to involve the potentiality resisters and even employees in designing change plan and implementing change. Facilitation is a process that includes training employees in new skills and giving them emotional support by listening to them. Negotiation is offering incentives to potential resisters. Manipulation means involving the selective use of information and conscious structuring of events. And finally coercion is basically forcing batch to accept change and threatening them.Focus of this study to identify those strategies that play a major role in minimizing employee resistance to change. Out of Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) mentioned strategies, conference and confederation forget be the focal point here. Purpose is to study the role of these two strategies (Communication and fight) in minimizing employee resistance to change. These strategies as factors of change process influence individual attitudes and resistances toward change.CommunicationDifferent researchers defined the concept of change discourse differently. For example, Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) defined communication as informing and communicating the desired changes and giving reasons for them. According to Lewis (2006), Communication about the change is dissemination of information that is the dispersal of knowledge, ideas, training, facts and respects or directives of action concerning the change.Oreg (2006) defined communication as the amount and quality of information that is provided to employees about the change. Van dekameter et al. (2007) defined communication as providing information about the change is to keep employees knowledgeable of anticipated events such as specific changes that allow occur, the consequences of the changes and new roles of the employees. stiff communication is the main reason for the success of organizations as it helps the managers to get employees knobbed in the special task of change and thus helping them in implementing change successfully (Mary Welch Paul R. Jackson, 2007).It has been suggested that in adequate information leads to more dubiousness about specific changes because it impart give rise to feelings such as how change will affect their job and organization or how to resolve to that change (Milliken, 1987, cited in Wanberg Banas, 2000). It has been proposed that in order to improve employees attitude towards organizational change, information about the change helps to reduce employee anxiety and uncertainty (K.I. milling machine Monge, 1985 Schweiger DeNisis, 1991, cited in Wanberg Banas, 2000).Lewis (2006) defined that communication is critical in the process of creating and articulating vision channeling feedback surrounded by implementers, key last makers, and key users providing social support forbid and constructive use of resistance and assessing and p romoting results. Study of Lewis describes how employee experience communication of change messages the types of channels they use to communicate with implementers and finally the qualities of implementers change communication that employees associated with the change outcomes. Employees perceive the communication about the change differently than do implementers themselves. Implementers usually have clear idea about the change process as they themselves the change agents whereas employees have littleer knowledge about the change program, dinner gown goals and progress of the change.ParticipationKotter and Schlesinger (1979) defined club is a process to involve the potential resisters and even employees in designing change plan and implementing change. Lewis (2006) defined participation as employees cooperation during the change initiatives is the key to success to organizational changes. It has been argued that participation lead to qualitatively better strategic decision (Kim a nd Mauborgne, 1998, cited in Lines, 2004).Giangreco and Peccei (2005) inform that more participation of employees in change process is associated with more incontrovertible attitudes towards the change and it will minimize resistance to change.Wanberg Banas (2000) proposed that higher level of participation in the change process is related to more positive view of the change. Higher level of intricacy is associated with a view that changes are beneficial.Lewis (2006) explained that participatory structures in organization that lever the input of participants and that allow them opportunities to influence decision making are more likely to succeed in compass the desired goals. So, employees who feel that they have more participatory opportunities and the organization value their inputs are more likely to adopt the change process and are less likely to observe resistance to change. Lack of participatory involvement of employees in change process will predict more resistance to c hange. The more the employee input is valued and is allowed to participate in the change process, the less will be the resistance.Lines (2004) studied the influence of participation on resistance to change. Lines identified a strong family exists between employee perceptions of their participation in change process and reduced resistance to change. Lines defined participation as involvement of employees in the initial assessment and development of change plan. Lines suggested that participation allows more interaction between the change agents and change recipients who will help them to overcome their resistance to change. Lines concluded that use of participation will lead towards successful implementation of change.Van Dam at el (2007) reported that participation of employees in the change prep and implementation process increases the change acceptance. Participation often offers number of benefits such as increased mind of the circumstances that make change necessary and a sen se of self-control and control over the change process increases the readiness for change. Van Dam et al. found a significant relationship between resistance to change and change strategies such as communication and participation.Dianne and Amrik (1998) reported that participation of employees in change process is the best method of handling resistance. It has been suggested that involving employees in learning, planning and implementation stages of the change process tends to increase employee commitment to change and will ultimately lowers the resistance to change (Lewin, 1991 Coch French, 1948, cited in Dianne Amrik, 1998). Employees must be give the opportunity to be involved in every aspect of change process and they must be given the opportunity to provide feedback. Involving management and employees in the change process will help to overcome umpteen of the difficulties experience during the change process.DiscussionLiterature indicated a significant relationship between change strategy communication about the change, participation of employees in change process and employee resistance to change. If there is higher level of communication about the change process, there will be lesser employee resistance to change. If the employee tends to participate in the change process, there will be lesser resistance to change.After going through the above literature it is open that the communication as a change strategy helps in minimizing resistance to change. Resistance to change can be minimized by informing about the change and providing reasons for change (Kotter and Schlesinger 1979). Communicating about the change, its consequences and new roles of the employees will play a positive role in minimizing resistance to change (Van Dam at el 2008). Effective communication helps in minimizing resistance to change by involving employees in the change process and implementing it (Mary Welch Paul R. Jackson, 2007). negligible information about the change proce ss results in uncertainty and ambiguity. Individuals organism uncertain and ambiguous about the change process will curb ideas that how change will affect them, their department and their organization and how to respond to change, such feelings usually give rise to resistance to change so adequate information about the change facilitates lowering the level of resistance to change (Milliken, 1987, cited in Wanberg Banas, 2000).(K.I. Miller Monge, 1985 Schweiger DeNisis, 1991, cited in Wanberg Banas, 2000) develop a connection between flow of information and acceptance level of employees in a dash that sufficient level of information increase the level of acceptance among employees which in turn decreases the resistance.Lewis (2006) examined a relationship between communication of the change and employee resistance to change. Lewis found that communication of change influences the resistance to change and if the employees receive more information about the change, there will be less resistance to change.Participation of employees in the change process in one way or other assists managers to overcome the resistance. One way is the involvement of employees in the change process that has significant effect on individuals attitudes towards the change itself, which in turn directly influence their reactions to change. Individuals who are more involved in change process will have positive attitudes towards change, so they will react to it in less negative way (Giangreco and Peccei 2005). Wanberg Banass study in 2000 also supported the above mentioned findings.Lewis (2006) proposed that if employees are not allowed to participate in change process, they might feel that their opinions and suggestions are not wanted and valued. So they will actively resist change. According to Van Dam at el (2007) participation offers certain benefits to employees which minimize the level of resistance by the employees. Dianne and Amrik (1998) study reveals that the participation increases the level of commitment among employees and decreases their level of resistances towards a particular change.Limitations of StudyThis study is limited to reviewing previously published research involving employee resistance to change and change strategies which will help in reducing employee resistance to organizational change. Study center on two major change strategies communication and participation and their relationship with the employee resistance to change. Impact of these strategies (communication and participation) is studied on employee resistance to change unilaterally meaning that resistance is considered only a single dimension concept.Future ResearchPresent study focused solely on the relationship between change strategies (communication and participation) and employee resistance to change as a one-dimensional concept.Oreg (2006) found that not enough information, as well as too much information about the change may be detrimental and can increase employees resistance. He suggested that lower amount of information about the change would be optimal when introducing organizational change. So, future research could be done in order to identify the contexts and processes in which information can reduce the resistance instead of enhancing it.As there are other strategies of change such as Facilitation, Negotiation, Manipulation, and Coercion which also play a role in minimizing resistance to change. Facilitation will help overcome the resistance when people are fearful and nervous about the change. Negotiation helps deal with resistance when people are losing through the change and they have enough power to influence the change process. So offering them incentive will help defuse their major resistance. Manipulation is helpful in resisting change by co-optation i.e. involving an individual in design or implementation of change. It is relatively easier, quicker and cheaper solution to the problem Future research could further explore the r elationship between these strategies and employee resistance to change.- -

Oral Health And Disease Health And Social Care Essay

unwritten Health And Dis still Health And Social tutel mount Essay alveolar alveolar consonant consonant consonant consonant enclosed space is an spoken exam disease non hardly of the developed nations just fast becoming a macrocosm wellnessfulness issues in the development countries1. Dental cavity is sensation of the major spontaneous wellness tasks in Nigeria. Other viva wellness/diseases commonly seen in Nigeria include periodontitis, chronic gingivitis, acute necrotising gingivitis, ad-lib throw outcer and ameloblastoma, cranio-facial developmental anomalies, orthodontic problems and cleft lip and palate2. The verbal cavity though sm wholly is a important aspect of the human body. It is the gate mien to the human digestive system. The odontiasis be an important take off of the mouth. Their function in mastication of nutriment and speech stinkpotnot be everywhere emphasized. They excessively prevail aesthetic fixings as well as enhance f acial appearance. Thus, any problem with oral health or diseases could present as pain and misfortunate which could have debilitating effects on individual(a)s in particular and the fri annihilateship at large3. Oral diseases could hint to reduction in functional abilities and decreased grapheme of intent. According to Petersen (2004) oral conditions ar among the more or less expensive aesculapian interferences in industrialized nations3. Nigeria is classed as maven of the poorest countries in the world with 70% of its population leaving be humble 1 dollar a day.Nigeria is nonp areil of the countries in West Africa, comprises of 36 states. She is one of the around populous countries in Africa as well as the eighth to the highest degree populous region in the world with the population of 154,728 8924 and popularly know as the lusus naturae of Africa. In 2007 to date, Nigeria is ranked as the second largest economy in Africa, she is known for her rich cultures, natur al endowment much(prenominal) as oil and gas. It is equally indisputable that her human resources are abundant. At the same, it is absurd to learn that almost(a)what 70.2% of Nigerians are living in abject poverty. Although, the Health work in Nigeria has undergone transformation over the years. The cookery of Nigeria health system bottomland be categorized into Public and Private Health work. The macrocosm health services serves as the main backbone of Nigeria health tuition which in most cases is funded by the brass on non-profit bases. These are divided structurally into the master(a) Health Care (PHC), Secondary Health Care (SHC) and the Tertiary heath Care (THC) 5, 6. But the alveolar premeditation services are provided from lowly to tertiary care. This is repayable to the fact that alveolar consonant consonant consonant care services are available in general hospitals (secondary health care) in some states and not at the primary(a) health care bases, also i n conglomerate teaching hospitals (tertiary health care) as well as private alveolar services.Dental caries is known as a progressive expiry or demineralization of enamel, dentine and cementum on a liable(predicate) tooth surface fontd by microbial (Streptococcus mutans) activities such as the production of acids.7, 8 In most cases, the alveolar consonant caries is not life lumbering but can have an adverse effect on quality of life in individual childhood to old age such as dietary and health. It alters all age groups and it is the most important cause of tooth discharge in schoolboyish pack9. Frequent drug addiction of sugar and sweetened food and drinks has been implicated as predisposing factors for the cause of dental caries9, 10,11.The sequelae of dental caries Bacteria ferment sugar to produce acid. Acid dissolves tooth surface leads to dental caries which affects the enamel dentine pulp pulpitis periapical infection dental abscess12. days ago, dental carie s is one of the most common diseases in change countries for instance United Kingdom and a social class- relate condition. There has been a tremendous increase of dental caries in underdeveloped countries in recent years due(p) to increased sugar consumption as well as insufficient exposures to fluorides which Nigeria happened to be one of the countries. In Nigeria, DMF business leader is used in measuring tooth decays which counts the number of decayed, missing or change teeth (DMFT) or surfaces (DMFS) in affected roles mouth as a effect of caries both in deciduous and permanent dentition7, 8. In 1993, innovation Bank reported the dental caries incidence in 1990 among fe males of sub-Saharan Africa is 0. 7 and the males is also 0.7 objet dart the total world record in these categories are 9.6 and 9.8 repectively.13 Dental caries prevalence in Nigeria varies according to the areas from the studies Akpata carried out. It shows that dental caries in rural areas are very low o f 3 dental caries cases compared with those in the urban areas which is 33 caries14.The reasons for chosen dental cariesDental caries as pointed out above is a dental disease that affects all age groups although it is more prevalent among the adolescents and young children. It is one of the major oral health problems. Dental caries is a frequent health issue because of its impact on individuals and the communities.Social and financial issues Majority of the population in Nigeria suffers from poverty and the government do not subsidize any kind of dental or medical authorize-and-take for the hoi polloi that is from new born to 59 years but from age 60 pays half price which can so far be a problem for pile in this category. In fact, dental and medical manipulation does not commence until the patient pay an agreed amount but there is al tracks an exceptional case depending on the dentist or medical practitioners discretion. Therefore, most of the populations in Nigeria are in steep caries risk. This is due to the fact that some of the parents cannot afford sending their children to school while some of the children have very poor attendance record in school and in most cases leads the children to consume more of confectionery and full(prenominal) carbohydrate diet15. Due to poverty, most people seek for alternative treatment when they have toothache such as the traditional medicine, application of herbs, as well as fake medicine (cheap) leaving majority of the cases untreated.Tooth expiry Dental caries is one of the major causes of tooth loss which can affect on patients eating habits, self-esteem and quality of life. Majority of the patients visit their dentist when they have explored virtually all the alternative treatment mentioned above and still be in pain which tends to be unbearable or in some cases the area is infected or inflamed. This can lead to downslope of the tooth/teeth, which eventually might lead to tooth loss re agencyment with remo vable dentures or fixed prosthesis. Due to lack of affordability of the denture by some patients leads to loss of alveolar as well as deformity.Infections One of the sequelae of dental caries is infection due to bacteria in the cavity. Bacteria in the dental cavity secrete acids which dissolve the enamel and dentine and if untreated leads to pulpitis and later periodontitis. Because so many people cannot afford orthodox dental care due to the cost of proper dental treatment some people chose alternative treatment as mentioned earlier. This can also leads to potential sober infection such as dental abscess or Ludwigs Angina which is life threatening. Although, one of the treatment is administration of antibiotics and other medications but in Nigeria competitor we have to battle fake drugs as in most cases one is unable to distinguish between original and fake drugs.Need to raise dental sensation there are require to educate members of the unexclusive on how to prevent and cont rol dental conditions as well as diseasesStrep viridians seen in dental caries can cause endocarditis in cardiac patientsDental caries can form cystic legions in some patientsDental caries can cause chronic periodontitis.Dental caries is considered as a habitual health issue or a major problem in dental public health16 because it targets the consummate population with unlimited time frame. Its socio-economic effect is great. People presents to dental clinics and hospitals when they are in severe pain and at the advanced stage of dental caries. Dental caries can occur in deciduous or permanent dentition thus affecting children as well as their parents. The cost of managing advanced dental infections is high. Being unable to identify early, people with high caries risk has also be one of the major challenges for public health.2. The familiarity Oral Health Programme (COHP) was started in 1988 by the University of Ibadan in Nigeria by the Dental department. Since its inception it ha s become an integral part of the comprehensive Community Health Programme of the Preventive and Social medicine (PSM) 17. The COPH main aims and objectives include prevention of oral diseases and provision of basic oral care services to communities. Major components of COPH are School health classs, health bringing up create mentallys and on site dental care provision in hard to reach communities. Dental care has been a part of primary health care thus making very many communities disadvantaged. The health care delivery in Nigeria is such that dental health was been side-lined and the need for primary and secondary prevention of oral diseases in a developing country such as Nigeria where urbanization and westernization is creeping in. Studies carried out over the years have revealed a poor oral health location in many Nigerians18. An arm of this computer program known as the Community Dental Education Health (CODEH) has been organizing activities such as dental ken campaigns in communities, market places and schools. Financial sponsorships have been mainly from non-governmental organizations and dental companies bid Unilever and GlaxoSmithKline19. military rank of the programme Evaluation is the process of valueing the possible relevance, efficiency, effectiveness as well as impact of the activities (efficacy) of a project or programme in accordance to its objectives through and through a systematic collection and digest of data15, 20. It is equally very important to ascertain the quality assurance of the programme. Evaluation could be formative that is assessing the possibility of problem occurring while the programme is macrocosm developed or summative that is thinking on the impact as well as the effectiveness of the established programme21.This programme has been evaluated by observe the criteria proposed to guide evaluation in public health22 such as effectiveness -this refers to the extent to which the aims and objectives are met which is to create dental awareness and promote oral health care. Also identify issues and questions of concern to stakeholders.Acceptability to check if people are satisfied with the programme both the targeted and non-targeted population.Appropriateness this is the importance of the programme which to reduce the prevalence of dental caries and promote oral health care.Equity equal provision for equal postulate for every individualEfficiency this to ensure that results are achieved in most economical way and if the resources put into the programme is justified.Before the evaluation, decision on the kind of tuition that is needed is taken. To ensure that relevant data are self-possessed at the appropriate time, an eight-stage framework for evaluation of health onward motion interventions proposed by Rootman et al in 200123 was adopted. These stages areDescribing the programme, as well as clarifying the aims and objectivesIdentifying the issues and fears of stakeholders conception of e ntropy-gathering process like questionnaire, records of behaviour change such as plaque scores, indices, documented record on dental caries rate (this was achieved with the divine service of dentists and hygienist in the allocated areas of the programme) also question and issue session with patient or during the dental awareness campaign.Collecting dataAnalysing dataMake recommendations douse findingsTake action or implementationEvaluation is an empowering experience which should pertain all stakeholders. Although, evaluation of this dental awareness and oral care furtherance is challenging as there are complex, context-specific programme which also focus on the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of well-being.Determine of outcomes the outcome of the programme is influenced by the timing of the evaluation. The outcome of this programme after assessing the effects of intervention can be said to be immediate (impact), intermediate and long-term for some patients.Dental awareness and Oral health care programme had the following(a) effects mends peoples knowledge and perception about oral health careImprove the oral health care of the communities in the programmeImprove the oral health care and awareness among school childrenIt motivates patients that are afeard(predicate) of visiting dentistIt motivates and encourage most of the participants to be going for rule-governed check-upImpact evaluation was inculcated into the programme as the stage ends. This is the stage where the public worker or oral health educator includes review of the programme at the last session. The intermediate and long-term evaluation involves assessment for longer effect. This was ascertained by comparing the participant oral health related behaviour before and after the programme but in most cases after a year some participants discontinue from the programme due to death or loss of interest.Effectiveness of the evaluation the evaluation was effective as it shows that t he aims and objectives of the programme were met. For instance, the aims and objectives for Community Oral Health Programme (COHP) are prevention of oral diseases and provision of basic oral care services to the communities while the Community Dental Educational Health programme (CODEH) is to ready dental awareness campaign in the communities, market places and schools. This shows that the programme is a achievement and dental team up as well as all the workers efforts in the programme are worthwhile.3. Key elements in the success or failure of the programmeThere have been elements and factors that have led to the success and failure in some aspects of the programme.communicating good communication perish between the public health teams, from dentists to their patients and from oral health educators to varieties of patients or the public is paramount to the success of the programme. It is important to make patients touch sensation at ease and demystify the fear of visiting th e dentist by answering their questions clearly. Communication can take place at two levels cognitive (understanding) and delirious (which relates feelings) which is very important when treating a patient7. Effective and good communication helps the patients to feel relaxed while discussing their oral health problems and devise solutions.Communication barriers these can lead to failure of a programme. Therefore, it is always advised for overlords to identify any actual of communication barriers during the first stage of communication with the patient. These barriers could beSocial/ cultural barriers which involves ethnic backgrounds, cultural/religion beliefs, social class, sex and age control receptiveness of patients due to mental health problems, pain, dementia, fear or low self esteemNegative attitude by the patients towards dental professionals due to previous bad experience or believes that they know it all.Dental professionals weakness to give insufficient emphasis on denta l schooling. Continuous dental professional development needs to be incorporated in the formulation for all stakeholders involved in the implementation of the COHP programme.Contradictory messages of oral health care to patients from other health professionals leaving the patients confused as well as use of some dental jargons by the dental professionals to the patients.strategic preparedness and evaluation of the programme planning oral health scheme need to be permissible within the political and policy constraints of Nigeria government. This can lead the programme to success by being more generative and effective on what can be implemented in promoting dental awareness and oral health care such asOral health needs assessment this is to assess unmet dental health needs in a systematic approach to ensure that the public health service uses its resources to promote and improve the dental health of the population. The information gathered for the assessment does not only based o n DMF data but also from other sources like data from oral health determinants, caries prevalence, prevalence due to toothache, public demand, existence of dental services as well as policy development14. These information gather will skeletal system a focus in monitoring the rate of dental caries which will be useful at the national level during planning dental health educational programmes, future demand and utilization of oral health organisation and financing. It will help plan strategies to improve oral health care of the people through public health interventions. manage services provided by the dental team and the extent in which the strategies have improved the oral health of the population after the implementation of public health interventions as well as changes to the services.Resources and Support this is to ascertain from the dental budget the fund available for oral health services and promotion to meet with demand and supply of the population as well as educational programme is very essential. As this will help palliate the programme, involving experienced and trained public health professional, build and equip dental services and the outreach units with modern equipment if needed as well as developing professional network between the program and community of interests8. Although, in some cases professional barriers can be encountered leading to failure whereby the local dentists does not abide by with strategy due to threats on their private dental service business or if their employment terms and conditions are affected.Evaluation this is an effective way of interventions in a programme, providing feedback to both participants and other part of the team as well as the stakeholders ensure that appropriate use of resources and other guidelines are followed. During planning of the programme, the programme is evaluated to assess how strategy was implemented and at the end of the programme, evaluation is used to determine what has been achieved .Oral health snag promotion there are two ways to achieve this through clinical and public health noise approachClinical prophylactic approach this approach depends on the proficiency and skill of the dentist also this takes place in dental clinics whereby chair-side oral health educational counselling is addicted to the patients after the administration of one or two clinical preventive agents are used for instance topical fluorides and fissure sealants. This approach has some down falls such as limited coverage of the population, it can be very expensive leading to increase in health inequalities, less community involvement, in some cases fail to pin-point the causes of poor oral health and can easily leads to conflicting messages.Public health preventive approach this approach stress on the determinants of health for instance stipulates the attributes of oral health problems as shown in Fig. 1 below illustrating the impact of economic, political, environmental conditions to o ral health, not to mention peoples lifestyle which is under the social and community context, although some oral health related behaviour can be influenced by some of the social factors depending on individuals, educating patients through oral health educators, dentists and other trained dental professionals. Oral health education is the one of the channels of promoting oral and promote equity and lessen the rate of health inequalities, be in partnership with various agencies and sectors to achieve their goals, creating dental awareness, change magnitude people knowledge and getting them involved in self-care.CUsersAmakaDocumentsimg057.jpgFig. 1Diagram of Social determinants of oral health15Oral health care outreach and information centre this is preventive dental unit where oral health education can be given to individuals or small groups. This is an avenue whereby the dental public health team or oral health educators motivates, communicate also establish friendly and informal re lationship with the patients. This kind of preventive treatment can be a success or failure of the programme depending on the patient and staff cooperation. Therefore, it will be quick-scented to evaluate each teaching sessions by using question and answer session with patients and questionnaire on the performance of the educator. The patient feedback should be used to assess the progress of the unit. In Nigeria, majority of preventive dental units in public and private sectors are located in urban areas where most of the dentists are practising. Leaving those in rural areas with minimal or no approach path to modern dental treatment.4. Recommendations for the future of the programmeNigeria government should fund dental fissure sealant for children in the following categories mentally or physically handicapped, those with nursing or bottle caries as well as those who have primary and first molars.Dentists should be able to clinically give treatment or advice to the patients withou t language barriers. This implies that there should be available provision a translator if the need arise.Both systematically and topically administered fluoride should be made available and affordable to the population for instance drinking water, salt, draw and use of fluoride toothpaste. Bearing in mind that, some part of northerly Nigeria is endemic of dental fluorosis due to relative high fluoride ingestion through drinking water14.The clinicians should be ready to adapt to the culture of the people and flyer the cultural differences for instance some cultures or religion forbids a male doctor or nurse to treat a female patient which applies to oral health care.Ability to in cooperate dental health care awareness into schoolsPublic health workers should endeavour to identify children with high caries risk statusMore oral health awareness should be created as well as dietary education for parents and children. highlight on the need to reduce sugar intake and promote consumptio n of sugar free both in medications and drinks, fruits and vegetables as well as the need for good self oral hygiene practiceIt has been turn out that most parents bring their children to clinics during holiday therefore will recommend that most dental clinics should be school led that is opening till late. uniform dental check-ups should be encouraged by the oral health team for early identification of dental problemDental health education programmes should be conducted in the communities (both in rural and urban areas) and regularlyThe government should encourage the implementation of various community fluoride programmes by fundingDuring epidemiological studies of dental caries, DMF index should always be usedAll Nigeria dentists should also adopt advances methods of diagnosing dental caries which should be considered when recording and reporting caries in future and ensure that this does not affect diachronic and international comparisons15.

Galileo Galilei Essay -- Essays Papers

Galileo Galilei Galileo was born in Pisa along the Via del Cuore in 1564 to Vincenzo Galileo, a exis tence known for his landing field of music, and Giuli Ammananti. When Galileo was ten he moved to Florance.1 At eleven young Galileo was sent to Vallombrosa for school. At fifteen Galileo decided to be a monk, but because of his father gave up his ambition. In the late summer of 1581 Galileo entered the University of Pisa and embarked on a course of study in medicine. Studying the Aristotelian system, which states bigger heavier objects from high places, Galileo became increasingly s keptical. attest of Galileos brilliance was assured when in 1583, he was attending go in the cathedral and he truism that the flames of the candles osculated back and fourth. It was upon this observation that the pendulum was built. not having enough money and not having the skills inevitable to stay at the University, they kicked him by. To repay by, Galileo began tutoring students. His conti nuous work with mathematics lead Galileo to go to Rome and yack the famous Jesuit mathematician Christopher Calvis. From there on out, Galileo was able to hob-knob with Italys mathematical elite. As Galileos acquaintances grew, so did his reputation. He went on to make lectures and speeches somewhat his mathematical findings. Unfortunately by 1593 Galileo was in dept. To make up for his pecuniary problems Galileo invented what we know as the thermometer. There was no money in this so Galileo worked at a university teaching ptolemy and kept his job tutoring for a just price. Time passed and Galileo moved from Giustina to a mammoth three-story house behind the basilica of San Antonio. Galileo still struggled to make ends meat, which also could be blamed on his schoolmarm Marina... ..., Galileo was dumped with Michelangelos, his brothers, wife and seven kids in May of 1627. When in 1627 Ferdinand II became lord of Tuscany, Galileo was appointed o the council of 200. A year lat ter in 1630, Galileo finished the controversial Dialogue.Galileos platter drew much reprimand and as a result, by January Galileo went outside to be tried in court for believing in the Copernican opinion. After much deliberation on the issue, Galileo was sentenced to imprisonment. Though given many an(prenominal) luxuries for a prisoner, Galileo was not allowed to peach or even carry out many of his creative ambitions.2 By Christmas of 1637 Galileo had gone blind and with all his illnesses was struggle just to live. Then on January 8, 1642 Galileo Galilei died.3 Sources 1 Field, Galileo Gaililei, 1 2 Reston, Galileo A Life, 7-282 3 Unknown, Biography Galileo Galilei, 1 Galileo Galilei Essay -- Essays PapersGalileo Galilei Galileo was born in Pisa along the Via del Cuore in 1564 to Vincenzo Galileo, a man known for his study of music, and Giuli Ammananti. When Galileo was ten he moved to Florance.1 At eleven young Galileo was sent to Vallombrosa for school . At fifteen Galileo decided to be a monk, but because of his father gave up his ambition. In the late summer of 1581 Galileo entered the University of Pisa and embarked on a course of study in medicine. Studying the Aristotelian system, which states larger heavier objects from high places, Galileo became increasingly skeptical. Evidence of Galileos brilliance was assured when in 1583, he was attending service in the cathedral and he saw that the flames of the candles osculated back and fourth. It was upon this observation that the pendulum was built. Not having enough money and not having the skills required to stay at the University, they kicked him out. To get by, Galileo began tutoring students. His continuous work with mathematics led Galileo to go to Rome and visit the famous Jesuit mathematician Christopher Calvis. From there on out, Galileo was able to hob-knob with Italys mathematical elite. As Galileos acquaintances grew, so did his reputation. He went on to make lectures and speeches about his mathematical findings. Unfortunately by 1593 Galileo was in dept. To make up for his financial problems Galileo invented what we know as the thermometer. There was no money in this so Galileo worked at a university teaching ptolemy and kept his job tutoring for a fair price. Time passed and Galileo moved from Giustina to a large three-story house behind the Basilica of San Antonio. Galileo still struggled to make ends meat, which also could be blamed on his mistress Marina... ..., Galileo was dumped with Michelangelos, his brothers, wife and seven kids in May of 1627. When in 1627 Ferdinand II became lord of Tuscany, Galileo was appointed o the council of 200. A year latter in 1630, Galileo finished the controversial Dialogue.Galileos book drew much criticism and as a result, by January Galileo went away to be tried in court for believing in the Copernican opinion. After much deliberation on the issue, Galileo was sentenced to imprisonment. Though given many luxuries for a prisoner, Galileo was not allowed to speak or even carry out many of his creative ambitions.2 By Christmas of 1637 Galileo had gone blind and with all his illnesses was struggling just to live. Then on January 8, 1642 Galileo Galilei died.3 Sources 1 Field, Galileo Gaililei, 1 2 Reston, Galileo A Life, 7-282 3 Unknown, Biography Galileo Galilei, 1

Musik und ihre Wirkung in der Fernsehwerbung Essay -- essays research

1.EinleitungWerbung begegnet und begleitet uns imperishable auf unterschiedlichste Weise durch hideout Alltag, sogar in der Freizeit wer hideout wir immer wieder mit Werbung konfrontiert, ob zuhause oder unterwegs, freiwillig oder unfreiwillig.Vermutlich fllt es daher kaum einem Menschen in unserer heutigen Me peter outngesellschaft schwer, Slogans aus der Fernsehwerbung wie Nicht immer, aber immer fter. oder flush it zarteste Versuchung, seit es Schokolade gibt. mit dem entsprechenden umworbenen Produkt in Verbindung zu bringen, bei dem letzteren Slogan sogar run out entsprechende Begleitmelo happen mit zu summen.Ausgehend von dieser Vermutung stellen sich mir folgende Fragen, die im Verlauf dieser Arbeit beantwortet werden sollenWarum prgt sich die Fernsehwerbung so stark in unser Gedchtnis ein und welche bedeutende Rolle spielt die Musik dabei?Wie muss die Fernsehwerbung und die Musik beschaffen sein, damit sie sich so gut einprgt?Bevor ich auf die Werbung im Fernsehen zu spr echen komme, mchte ich zunchst klren, wie sich der Begriff Werbung allgemein definiert und welche Formen von Werbung es gibt (Kapitel 2). Im anschlieenden Kapitel geht es dann speziell um Fernsehwerbung und deren Entstehung, Verbreitung und Nutzen fr die Werbeschaffenden (Kapitel 3).Das vierte Kapitel beschftigt sich mit allgemeinen und konkreten Zielsetzungen der Fernsehwerbung und ihre Wirkung auf den Konsumenten (Kapitel 4).Das nachfolgende Kapitel bearbeitet die Konzeption von Musik in der Fernsehwerbung. Bevor ich auf die Kompositionsformen entsprechender Musik und die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Musikstile im engen Zusammenhang mit Produktimage und Zielgruppe eingehe, werden eingehend die Bedeutung, die Funktionen und die Wirkung von Musik in der Fernsehwerbung dargestellt (Kapitel 5).Eine abschlieende Schlussbetrachtung soll die Fragestellungen dieser Arbeit noch einmal aufgreifen und auf der Grundlage der einzelnen Kapitel beantworten.2.Was ist Werbung?Zum besseren Verstndn is des Begriffes Werbung sollen an dieser Stelle zunchst zwei mgliche Definitionen vorgestellt werdenWerbung ist ein wirtschaftssozialer Prozess, bei welchem mit unpersnlichen Mitteln Meinungen und Entscheidungen beeinflusst werden, unter Wahrung des Gefhls freierEntschlieung. Werbung ist Kommunikation. Jede, der ein Anliege... ...dere Formen der Werbung und erreicht viele unterschiedliche Zielgruppen in krzester Zeit.Die Fernsehwerbung ist in Musikstil und Produktimage genau auf entsprechende Zielgruppen ausgerichtet, so dassies sie fr den Menschen an persnlicher Bedeutung gewinnt und er sich mit dem umworbenen Produkt besser identifizieren kann. Durch immer wiederkehrende Slogans, Melodien und Jingles besitzt die Werbung eine hohe Suggestivkraft. Vor allem die Musik spielt hinsichtlich der Wirkung von Fernsehwerbung eine bedeutende Rolle, den sie spricht stets die Gefhlswelt an und lst (im Idealfall positive) Emotionen aus, die mit dem angepriesenen Produkt direkt in Verbindung g ebracht werden (sollen). Dabei besteht die Gefahr, dass der Konsument die Informationen nur oberflchlich aufnimmt, ohne sich kritisch mit den Inhalten einer Werbung bzw. den Produkten auseinander zu setzen. Produkte werden demzufolge meist unbewusst mit bestimmten Slogans und Melodien in Verbindung gebracht und abspeichert laut Werbeindustrie die beste Grundlage und Voraussetzung fr den Kauf und Erwerb eines umworbenen Produkts das Hauptziel der Werbeindustrie ist erreicht, der Konsument hat kaum etwas davon gemerkt.