Examining the gender inequalities at work

Examining the gender inequalities at induceMany feminists concentrate on gender inequality, particularly inequality in paid transaction. Postmodernists place dwarfish emphasis on paid change by reversal, but twain Marxist feminist and liberal feminists see employ ladder forcet opportunities as crucial to understanding gender inequalities. Liberal feminists make water argued that a combination of legislation and changed attitudes arouse open up economic opportunities for women.Equal opportunity legislation In 1970 the Equal Pay routine legislated that women should be paid the same as men for doing the same or broadly similar work. In 1984 an amendment stipulated that women should get equal pay for work of equal value. The 1975 Sex Discrimination Act made disparity on the grounds of sex illegal in employment, education and the provision of goods and services. Legislation was further reinforced by the 2006 Equality Act required all public bodies to take an active role in removi ng illegal discrimination against women.Despite these changes in the law, and considerable increases in recent years in the residual of women who work in Britain, women remain disadvantaged at workThe similarity of the labour force who ar fe priapic has risen considerably. In 1971 92% of men of functional age were employed and 56% of women. By 2005 80% of men were employed and 70% of women (Social Trends 2006, p.52).In 2005 42% of women were part-time workers and 10% of men. In 2004 67% of women with dependent children worked (Social Trends 2006, p.54).Gender and earnings Women continue to be less(prenominal) well paid than men. In 1970 women working full-time earned 63% of the average full-time male plight by 2005 they were still plainly getting 82% of the average male wage (EOC, 1997, 2002a New Earnings Survey 2005).Horizontal separationism where men and women tend to have different types of job also continues. Women tend to be employed in aras such as personal servic es, administration, hotels and restaurants. Most routine clerical and secretarial workers atomic number 18 women, as are most primal teachers. Men tend to obtain in areas such as manufacturing, construction and transport. The residual of women managers and professionals has increased recently. The Women and Work Commission (2006) make up 75% of pharmacists, 40% of accountants, almost 50% of lawyers and over 30% of doctors were women.The Equal Opportunities Report (2006) reveals the absence of women in elite positions across a number of occupations, and comments that at the comprise rate of progress it would 50 years in advance half of top directors were women and 200 years forrader women were equally represented in the House of Commons, whereby as round effeminate MPs as male MPs.Vertical segregation continues i.e. men predominate in higher paid jobs whilst women predominate in cut paid ones. For example, in 2005 83% of directors and chief executives were men, 74% of wa iting staff were women. Men predominate in all the higher paid lobs except personnel, training and industrial relations managers while women predominate in all the lower-paid jobs except sports and leisure assistants, where the number of men and women are equal.Generally, the more senior the position, the lower the proportion of women. According to the Equal Opportunities Commission report Sex and Power Who Runs Britain? (EOC, 2006), women are under-represented in elite positions. In 2004 solely 9% of senior judges, 10% of senior police officers and 13% of national newspaper editors were women. Women held merely 10.5% of the directorships of the FTSE 100 companies and 19.7% of MPs and 27.3% of cabinet ministers were womanish. Although most teachers are womanly, in 2004 only 31.8% of head teachers were women. In 2005, less than 1% of senior ranks in the armed forces and only 10.2% of senior police officers were female. The report notes some improvements in the representation of wo men but calculates that at current rates of change it would take 40% before 50% of top directors were female, and 200 years before there were as many female as male MPs.LINK SOCIAL WORK TO ABOVE.+REPHRASE MUCH OF ABOVE/SUMMARISE/CUT+CARE field STATISTICSExplanations for gender inequalitiesTextbook pp. 124-131Functionalism Human capital theory suggests that women are less valuable to employers than men because they are less committed to work and more likely to take career breaks to raise children. This gives employers less bonus to promote women and invest in their training. However, a study by Peter Sloane (1994) prime that gender continue to influence pay even when qualifications and experience were taken into account.Catherine Hakim preference theory Hakim (2004) argues that women today have more choice, and inequality stems from personal preference. Women have better labour merchandise opportunities than ever before ascribable to amongst others the contraceptive revolution from about 1965. The equal opportunities revolution and the expansion of white collar occupations as well as the expansion of jobs for supplementary earners.This has led, according to Hakim, to the emergence of three types of womenAdaptive women who combine both paid work and family. This group is about 2 thirds of women who seek flexible or part-time work. some other type is described as work-centred women, these women are a minority who focus on career and fitting family life around it, this group is less than 20% of women, so men will continue to dominate the workplace. Finally, home-centred women are women who prefer not to work. This group is about 20% of women, including some who are well qualified.Crompton (1996), however, found no evidence of clear-cut categories among women working in banking and pharmacy in Britain and France. Houston Marks (2003) found many factors other than personal preference influenced womens attitude towards paid employment. Abbott et al (2005) criticize Hakim for ignoring structural constraints which de innerise and shape womens choices.***CONTINUE FROM HERE -P126 (P121-130)The dual labour market theory The dual labour market theory developed by Barron Norris (1976) distinguishes betweenThe primary labour market of well-paid, fairly secure jobs with prospectsThe secondary labour market of poorly paid, insecure jobs with few prospects.Employers try hard to attract and retain primary workers, who are seen as key to the success of their enterprises, but secondary workers are seen as easily replaced. It is severe to transfer from the secondary to the primary labour market, and women tend to be concentrated in the secondary sector. This is due in part to employer sexism but also to factors such as lack of unionization.Beechey (1986) sees women as a rubbishy reserve army of labour, brought in during economic booms but thrown out during slumps. This creates flexibility for capitalists and depresses overall wage levels. Women tend to be in the reserve army because they are often not in unions they may be prepared to work for less if their wage is a second income they are seen as cartel work with domestic responsibilities.However, this theory cannot explain horizontal segregation. Also, the continued growth of female employment suggests that women are not being used purely as a fugitive, reserve army of workers.McDowell (1992) applies post-Fordist theory to female employment. Post-Fordism suggests that there has been a move away from mass production to more flexible production of specialist products. Businesses keep a core of highly skilled workers, but most other workers are temporary or part-time, or work is contracted out to other firms. Women tend to be concentrated in the more flexible jobs, particularly part-time work, although some have benefited from gaining core jobs.Research by Lovering (1994) found evidence to support this theory in some companies but not in others, suggesting that post-Fo rdist trends affect only some workers.Some feminists stress the role of male trade unionists in restricting womens opportunities. Walby (1986) argues that in some areas (for example, engineering) trade unions have used exclusion to disadvantage women, while in industries such as textiles, women have been disadvantaged by confinement to certain lower-paid areas of work. Low-paid work ensures that women are more likely to take on domestic responsibilities than men.Radical feminists see patriarchy rather than capitalism as the main cause of female disadvantage. Stanko (1988) argues that knowledgeable harassment in the workplace is used to keep women in their place. Men use their index finger in the workplace to protect their position. Women in jobs such as bar work and secretarial work are sexualized, and are not taken as seriously as workers or considered for promotion.Adkins (1995) goes further, arguing that sexual work has become integral to many womens jobs. In service sector job s where women have contact with men they are expected to engage in sexual servicing looking attractive, engaging in sexual banter, tolerating sexual innuendo and so on.The Women and Work Commission (2006) argues that reform, legislation and tackling sexist socialization can light up the problem of unequal pay. They argue thatGender stereotyping in schools, in careers advice, and in work experience programmes, is found on traditional roles. This results in the concentration of women in lower-paid occupations. The Commission pointed out that the media could challenge these cultural expectations two thirds of forensic science students are now women.Combining work and family life leads to women taking career breaks and working part-time. Gosling (2005) found a single year working part-time before returning to full-time work led to a 10-15% reduction in pay, largely due to the quality of the part-time work available.Women subscribe to more opportunities for lifelong training.Workplac e practices often disadvantage women. Job evaluations which rank male-dominated jobs more highly than female ones, even though these jobs have a similar skill level, need to be challenged.1302ADD sexual activity ROLE AND STEREOTYPES AS PROHIBETER OF SEXES CROSS OVER TO DOMINENT SEX CAREER ROLES.1605-1626

Impact of internet and mobile phone

Impact of lucre and supple ringImpact of internet and wide awake call back on our life and the life of future generationsThe communication engine room has vex one of the important technologies in the last thirty years of the late of the twentieth carbon. The communications Technology industry is still adopt meaning(a)ly. Also, it is apparent to increase growth in the coming years.There be several definitions of communication technology and one of them follows the World Bank defines CT as the set of activities which facilitate by electronic manner the processing, transmission and display of schooling (Cairncross, 1998). In addition there are many types of communication technology. much(prenominal) as, agile echo, internet and tele think landlines, etc.The communication technology has evolved to become a tool to amour all the countries in the world. In addition, the world has become small village by this technique. In fact, tidy sum arse see any event in the world o n TV, beca enjoyment the satellite is available in most countries.Although this growth increasing worries for future generation of the dangerous of this technology on them, beca work, this technique likewise includes the benefits and drawbacks.In this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages two types of communications technology the internet and peregrine ring on our health, command and kinship. Then, it provide explain how should concern for the future of our grandchildren from this technique.Introduction on internetThere is a significant increase in the use of the internet by mess in the beginning of the twenty-first century compared with year 1990. In January 1990 About 188,000 Core Internet users and approximately 3,400,000 Electronic mail users, whereas the forecast in January 2000 almost 254,000,000 Core Internet users and nearly 827,000,000 Electronic mail users (Cairncross, 1998).For instance (There is) a large use in email-health information by most hospital s. Also, roughwhat government agencies are providing high quality information for health care in hospitals and clinics to help patients to make appointments, as well as access to an enamour decision in the selection of health services. Such as in the United Kingdom commonwealth can get an appointment and chose physicians by using internet (Stewart, 2000).In addition the internet has a major impact on performance of hospitals and revenue collection. Nowadays the internet has fall ined employments and consultants in volume of countries each different, to share some consulting and cooperation in the field of health. For example a doctor in India can request some consultations from doctors in the U.S.A or France by internet.Benefits of mobile strait on healthWith regards to mobile phones they keep up enabled people to keep in touch anywhere at any time. For example, nowadays people can contact the hospitals and ambulance at any time and at anywhere. For instance, if there is an accident, people able to leave an ambulance immediately by mobile phone to rescue the injured. The second example if somebody has an appointment he can delay or cancel that time by mobile phone from anywhere.Impact of mobile phone on healthHowever, the mobile phone has impacted on our health. In hospitals the signals emitted by mobile phone can interfere with sensitive electronic devices. For instance, in the hospitals there are signs warning of the use of mobile phone must switch off.In addition when people use the mobile phone for a long time, the temperature of the ear and the area around it is slightly higher, because that signals which emitted from the mobile phone. According to Scottish administrator claims that, It is possible to measure how much radio wave energy your body receives from each model of mobile phone. This is called the specific an absorption rate or SAR (Stewart, 2000).Also a new study in Finland arrange that the tacks of radiation emanating from mobile ph one on human cells rather than those rats. In this for a dot for two years of research found that the radiation emitted from mobile phone damage the blood originator barrier.Benefits of internet on educationAs it can be seen from the above comments communication technology has change magnitude so dramatically, that it has benefited our lives considerably. As a result, the continuing evolution of online world has also had a positive take on education. For example, internet is widely used to connect teachers with students and speak to them and give people lectures online. According to (Ko Rossen, 2008) depict how the internet has been used to emulate classroom discussions, to support students understanding and retention of taught materials.In addition, large numbers game of students around the world focus their attention on the use of the internet and there is a backing factor in their success in the study. For example by E-mail, students can send each other and have access to what they need and as soon as the largest bar of information. In the same way, training online takes a short time to be done (Ko Rossen, 2008). online admiting provides the teacher a lot of comfort, and independence for students as well. Bartering of this method, the professor is not required to take hid bag full of papers to classroom, and stand at the lecture with student for hours to explain his lesson.Benefits mobile in educationIn the same way, the mobile phone has enabled both teachers and students to keep in touch and help them deal with class problems, discuss assignments, and make computer programme for study. Moreover, mobile phone is used to help student and other people to obtain important take note which they need. According to Koreas Suk Myoung University stats that, students use the phone to confirm their attendance and enable them to enter the libraries, also to buy some of food from school canteen by a quicker time are easier way(Ko Rossen, 2008).Drawback o f internet on educationOn the other hand, communication technologies have also negative impacts on our life. More and more, teachers are using the internet in their classroom, so internet has several disadvantages effect on learning.Firstly, in universities some professors use E-mail or websites to download their lecture for student without explain, therefore some students do not understand the lesson especially in scientific subjects and practical materials. Furthermore, scientists can loss the interpersonal skills and the lesson can be done without gestures and movements which add to the science experiment.Secondly, some schools the main factor in educational process is the educator, who have clarify not just how information communication technology works, but, also how young people connect to this tool at home, as well as in the school. It is the teacher who is a responsible to learn children and created their scientific skills rather than using internet.Benefits of internet on r elationshipsWith the regards to the benefits of Internet on relationship, it can be give tongue to that the internet has recently become the first modern technique spread in all countries of the world. Also, it has become all segments of society continue through the sites for chat, such as yahoo messenger and Skype. Indeed the internet users every day exposed to configure a new relationship with others. Nowadays the online romantic relationship on internet has spread dramatically, as a result of participation in the chat rooms.By the year 2007, equivalent to 3.3 billion mobile phone users in the world, because the mobile phone has become an inherent part of daily life for humans (Cooltech, 2009).In addition the main motive for buying a mobile phone which is the desire of buyers to communicate and social cohesion. For example people use their mobile phone to connect with their families and friends, as well as manage their business. Moreover through the internet and mobile phone com munication between the developing countries and the developed countries has become very easy.Negatives the mobile phone internet on relationshipsOn the other hand, the studies suggest that the mobile phone has a negative impact on the offset between work and life. Also, some companies and employers prevent the employees the use of mobile phone, Such as HSBC Bank and Lloyds TSB pious platitude in the United Kingdom. (Monthathip Panos, 2009).Although the internet has advantages, the internet has some disadvantages. Use the internet impact on the amount of time spent by a person with family and friends. Children and young people are more likely than others to use the internet has reduced the time spent with family and friends. In addition the use of internet alter the amount of time spent by a person in the amusements of other, such as TV viewing, reading, sport and social outings (Monthathip Panos, 2009).Impact the communication technology on GenerationThis rapid development in communication technology has increased concern for our future generation. If there are adverse health effectuate of mobile phone use is not clear at this time. Although if there is any side effect will be more severely affected on children, because their nervous system still continues to grow. It will be affected tissues of the head for more energy, especially with the length of exposure. It is believe that the diffusion of mobile phone use by children should be avoided especially for non-essential.Also Still mobile technology is relatively new. This is wherefore the scientists and researchers in all over the world are conducting studies and research in an attempt to understand the effect of this small device.

Psycho Cultural Conflict Theory

Psycho Cultural fighting Theory check to the psycho-cultural infringe hypothesis, individuation is the most important need in the hierarchy of human necessitate and, when denied, results in knock-down-and-drag-out involution. The satisfaction of atomic number 53s basic needs is intricately related to his/her identity. The Psycho-cultural Conflict Theory is similar to the Primordial coming to ethnicity which emphasizes the fact that the great unwasheds ethnicity (identity) is deeply rooted in their past.Irobi (2005) argues that memories of past traumas magnify peoples anxieties. This is as a result of ethnic identity which produces fear, hatred and, consequently, ethnic strife among two ethnic stems which kick in a history of ethnic dissimilitude and stratification. Irobi posits that when an ethnic group has a history of being stereotyped and discriminated ground on their ethnic identity from a nonher group, it results in violent engagement since ethnic identity re mas ter(prenominal)s part and parcel of the entirety of an individual. pagan groups which have been discriminated against and stratified into petty(a)er class citizens always habour a ghost of marginalization of their identity and this produces strong feelings of hatred and resentment towards the other group which did the discrimination. This is what Richardson Jr. Sen (1996) call victim mentality. Irobi (2005) criticizes the inadequacy of modernization theory which holds that contemporaneousness will result in the dissolution of ethnic affiliation. He observes that ethnicity is unflinching and part of the identity of individuals and groups. Therefore, any marginalization of an ethnic group or discrimination against it based on ethnicity will receive strong resistance ( strife). This is particularly seen in the mobilizing role of ethnic identity.Psycho-cultural contradict theorists like Ross (1997) and Horowitz (1998) recall that departures which atomic number 18 fountd by i dentity ar usually dangerous, violent, noncompliant and passing protracted, and often really difficult to resolve. This is because identity which is at the centre of the divergence, is an soused sense of worth, which makes liveliness significant and includes the feeling that one is physically, socially, psychologically and spiritually safe (Faleti, 2006, p. 51). When this feeling of safety (identity) is threatened, there is a defensive reception aiming at protecting this at all costs and the result is violent conflict which be conform tos a matter of life and death. This tends to affect uprisement since power is perpetually continued affecting productive sectors of topical anaesthetic economies.The psycho-cultural theory of conflict argues, therefore, that resolving this type of conflict is usually very difficult and tends to go any resolution mechanism. There is always constant outbreak of military group with such(prenominal) conflicts despite attempts at resolving the conflict. Their resolution takes long and more or lesstimes, it is non possible to talk of resolution, but management. This is because the issue of ethnic identity is hardy and its denial is a complete affront to the groups very creation. The outbreak of logical violence as a result of this type of conflict makes life and security fragile, thereby affecting human well-being and development. Thus, the link surrounded by ethnic conflicts, their resolution and development is clearly seen. Due to the deep-seated, protracted and intractable nature of conflicts based on identity (ethnic conflict), their resolution persist ins very difficult and takes very long, and this produces strings of violence thereby affecting meaningful development. Seymour (2003) therefore emphasized that identity influences the process of conflict and must non be all overlooked when attempting to understand the origins of conflict and when planning its resolution.The psycho-cultural conflict theory has been heavily criticized by many scholars. The theory has been criticized for attributing the main basis of conflict and violence to identity based on ethnicity. Critics be quick to guide out that there is a tendency for many people to grade any conflict as ethnic identity based when that conflict exceedingly has a different cause (Tonah, 2007).Bowen (1996) contends that those conflicts which are said to be based on ethnic identity are products of modern politics. He argues that although people have had many identities for long, which are based on their civilisation (ethnicity), these people only began to see themselves as members of vast groups, opposed to each other only during the modern period of colonization. Bowen (1996) mentioned that the Rwandan, Burundian and Bosnian conflicts are politically based conflicts rather than ethnic identity conflicts, but these conflicts later on assumed ethnic identity dimensions. Osaghae (2005) as well as argues that what is seen as ethni c conflict is not so, but elite manipulation of people to gain prefer of their political and personal ambitions. Ethnic identity, to him, is elitist manipulation of ethnicity to gain control over political power and what is seen as conflicts emanating from ethnic identity are not at all, but politically based conflicts. It is possible for elites to manipulate a group of people against each other. It is even possible for conflicts in some parts of Africa and other places to take ethnic dimensions even if the initial cause of the conflict is political, resource, religious or any other cause (Tonah, 2007).Ernest Penan (cited in Bowen, 1996) believes that ethnic identity is constructed by intellectuals for their personal interests and that ethnic identity is a set of ideas rather than peoples values in conflict. Chandra (2006) believes that ethnic identity does not matter or has not been shown to matter in explaining most outcomes of violence. Fearon Laitin (2000) also argue after an enquiry into the relationship between ethnic identity and violence that the mere observation that ethnic identities are socially constructed is not so.In conclusion, the Psycho-cultural Theory simply argues that identity based on ethnicity explains the main reason for conflicts in society. The weakness of the theory makes it imperative for this study to be able to properly identify the sources of ethnic conflict in the Bawku traditionalistic Area in order to devise appropriate resolution mechanisms to them. abstract frameworkIt remains evident that development is meaningfully achieved through the existence of relaxation. Peace here refers to the absence of violent conflict and effective conflict resolution which both border on security. Ethnic conflicts, very often, are intractable conflicts which involve values, claim to status, identity, deprivation of needs and external factors such as political infiltrations (Coleman, 2000). Thus, ethnic conflicts are often protracted and rema in very difficult to resolve and their continuous existence poses danger to local level development and they tend to seriously hinder security which is mandatory to ensure peace for development.Ethnic conflicts as shown in Figure 1 primarily result from past historical and colonial experiences which are unless exacerbated by factors like lack of access to power, resources and ethnic marginalization/stereotypes which are magnified by peoples struggle for their ethnic identity. The continuous ethnic polarisation through these factors leads to violence (conflict) which results in low investments in local sparing activities/commerce, lessen agricultural, educational and health standards, insecurity, high dependency ratio, loss of lives and low incomes for individuals and families. The end result of all these, as seen in Figure 1, is decreasing levels of socio-economic development.The effective resolution of ethnic conflicts can have positive implications for development. Schoeman (19 98) argues that a society in which people are secure (when violent conflict is properly resolved or is absent), willEnable people to develop their communitiesEnable people to be architects of their own livesEnable people to come together to pursue economic and other development andEnable people to participate in the development of the society.In resolving ethnic conflicts , one needs to focus on satisfying the basic needs which have been deprived (UN DESA, 2001) and also creating a proportional equality in implanted cultural and identity issues (Richardson Jr. Wang, 1993) victimisation third party discourse and inter-group cooperation (Horowitz, 2000 Lipchitz Crawford, 1995). All of these can be done by effectively zesty the conflicting parties in mediation, inter-group dialogue and third party intervention using indigenous methods. Issues which are mostly root causes of conflict when tackled properly results in effective conflict resolution thereby trickling down to sustainab le peace which has implications for local development.EffectsCore Problem clinical depression Investment collectable to insecurityDestruction of Property and infrastructureGeneral Insecurity little Agricultural ProductionLow commerceRefusal to accept postingLow IncomeDecreasing Educational and Health StandardsRetarded DevelopmentEthnic ConflictHigh Dependency RatioLow IncomeLoss of LivesLow Income poornessStruggle for Ethnic IdentityLack of access code to Power. e.g. Chieftaincy and semipolitical ConnectionsPast Historical and Colonial ExperiencesEthnic MarginalizationCausesLack of Access to Natural Resources. e.g. LandDecreasing Levels of Social/Economic Development

Impact of Olympic Games on Host Cities

Impact of majestic Games on Host CitiesIntroductionAccording to food turner (1982), persons in only cultures identify the collect to set aside aw atomic number 18 metres and spaces for common creativity and commemoration. This was the value of instances in ancient block and the evolution of an eccentric in human culture and tradition. either egress or occasion where public assembles for any of these purpose which is celebration, marke tinkle, education or reunion apprize be termed as progeny. any(prenominal) special major(ip) pillowcase such as World cup or majestic Games hindquarters attract one thousand thousands of visitors from in and bulge outside the republic which provide lastly boost the uncouths scrimping. To organise the major detail hosting body politic entrusting robe huge sum of m 1y in transportation, communication and groundwork which entrust present a enduring legacy for the whole economy of the untaught and overly a lot of opport unity and realises to the locals as well as for the whole residents of the hosting nation directly or indirectly.The aim of this research go away be to analyse and evaluate the affect of grammatical cases in China afterward hosting the 2008 surpassing bouncys although the essay leave behind try to highlight the return and its parts more(prenominal)over it depart briefly analyse the construct of military issue management in name of training, present and monitoring an event specially the exceeding games, besides evaluating the benefits and challenges that the mainland China had gone through in hosting the 2008 majestic games and finally the confident(p) and ostracise impact in China after hosting the surpassing games in 2008.capital of Red China Host of the majestic Games 2008China is one of the rapidly maturation country and one of the emerging power of the field, which stand firm the area nigh 9.6 million square kilometres is located in eastern ingredien t of Asia, the peaceful west bank which has the largest population among the globe round 1,333,212,646 re reconcile ting dispa aim faith, cultures and language .China is nearly about 50 latitude from coupling to south and 5200 kilometres away from east to west crossed the quintette date zones about longitude 60 degrees. The east part of the mainland China is c bearst with oceanic with a long coast, cheerful transport facilities and large numbers of ports which makes mainland China easy to communicate with the rest of the worlds ports and spark of tourists.Based on the item criteria to be eligible to host the exceeding Games which was set by the outside(a) prodigious Committee (IOC) thither were five selected cities selected to be the finalist by the world(prenominal) majestic Committee which were capital of Red China, Toronto, Paris, Osaka and Istanbul after receiving and reviewing the application of 10 cities to bid the host of 2008 surpassing game. capital of Red C hina won a complete majority of votes in July 2001from the member of the International exceptional Committee (IOC) following two rundle of voting to host the majestic Games after beating four competing cities which were Toronto, Paris, Osaka and Istanbul. Beijing had lost the same battle for 2000 surpassing Games with Sydney by two votes. Since they hold the games for 2008 they had got just 7 short letter of studys to make ready for the mega event majestic games which was later organised in 2008 successfully. From 8th majestic 2008 to 24th August 2008 the major international multi -sport event took intrust in Beijing China. Which was in public called as the games of the XXIX Olympiad which was the likewise kn aver as 2008 summer Olympics? A tote up of 11,028 athletes competed in 302 events and 28 sports. The participants were from 204 National Olympic Committees. China was the twenty-second nations which host the Olympic Games in 2008 , embracing the fundamental facts o f the Olympic Games with its own slogan, which was One World , One Dream, they became the 18th to grip a summer Olympic Games.ObjectivesTo understand the history, definition and dissimilar types or forms of Event.To analyse the concept of Event management in ground of formulation, staging and monitoring an event the Olympic Game.To evaluate the benefits, challenges and barriers confront by China in hosting the Olympic Games.To evaluate the peremptory and negative impact of the Olympic Games in China. publications reviewSince the invention of an event there had been more definitions and importations forwarded .According to Gets (19974-11) Events are unorthodox occurrence, either planned or unplanned, with a finite length of time. An event undersurface be defined as a structured event such as a convention, conform toing, exhibition, gala dinner, special event and so forth An event is frequently composed of numerous diverse yet inter associate functions Accepted practices Ex change (APEX) Industry Glossary of terms (CIC, 2003).Similarly it send packing be defined as a distinctive form of visitor attraction, ranging in a level from programmes of recreational events at parks, through companionship festivals to jumbo -events such as world cup Rugby and the OlympicsGetz(1991122)moreover event can be defined as round thing which happens result whichever thing or occasion principally a memor satis pulverization one facet of happening an item in a programme (of games, etc) a variety of horse-riding competition, frequently held more than three days(three-day event), consisting of three sections, that is dressage, cross-country riding and file jumping fate or luck a structured run at a scrupulous location ,e.g. for fundraising ,promotion ,sales (The Chambers Dictionary)Or, it can be termed as an ac unioning happening at a determinable finis and place, with or without the contribution of human being agent. It could be a peg of a chain of occurrences as an outcome of a foregoing incident and as the starting time of a successive occurrence. (businessdictionary.com)Different types of event there are diametrical types of event which can be categorize on the source of their type, context and size which are described below societal /life-cycle eventsAny event such as Hen/Stag troupe ,Bachelors party ,Birthday party ,Graduation day , Wedding ,Engagement ,Anniversary ,Retirement day ,Funeral etc can be sort as social /life-cycle events.Education and career eventsEvents same(p) task f gloriole, education fair, workshop, debate seminar, competition, contest etc can be classified as Education and career events.Sports eventsOlympics, world cup, marathons, wrestling matches, Wimbledon and any small or big sports which happen in this world can be classified as sports events.Entertainment eventsAny music concerts ,festivals ,fairs, fashion shows, celebrity nights, booty functions, beauty pea gents jewellery shows flash mob, full point shows can be classified as Entertainment events.Political eventsEvents such as demonstration, semipolitical serveion, political functions, and rally can be classified as political events.Corporate eventsAny business functions like meetings, conferences, incentives, exhibitions, road shows, product lunches, buyer-seller meet can be classified as corporate events.Religious eventsAny Religious festivals or fairs, katha, religious procession, Pravachan, Christmas, Dusherra and Diwali fair can be classified as Religious events.Fund raising/ exercise related eventsAny event which is organised for the purpose of fund raising/ca wont can be classified as a fund raising /cause related events. E.g. auctions.Analyse the concept of event management in terms of planning, staging and monitoring an event-Olympic gamesEvent planningA successful event or seminar takes a clear vision and an enormous amount of planning, expatiate and follow up. Successful Event planning is a valuable alternative a nd a must fuddle for any department or musical arrangement that puts on events or seminars regardless of size. Karen R. McLaughlin, APR, CEO, QB Comm., Inc., Rochester, NYEvent planning is the life note of a flourishing event- from building and designing the venues through setting up risk management, holding the test events, timetabling trustworthy transport and early(a) necessary services. on that point are mainly two process of planning which is apply in an event planning process. The two types of planning process are addressed belowStrategic planningStrategic planning can be defined as an instrument for organizing the present situation on the source of the projections of the preferred future. Or in specially Olympic Games termed strategical planning is a road map for any hosting cities to plan in the present situation to acquire the successes in the 7 years. Beijing has utilise various strategy as in terms of strategic planning process like using slogan one world one game, and unlike concept which was Green Olympics, High-tech Olympics and Peoples Olympics. Beijing also used contrary strategic tactics which was encouraging the whole nation to participate in the readying for the Olympic Games, hosting the games to promote the social civilization, hosting the Games to improve the bulks living standards, compose the new image of china and many more. proceedingal planningOperation planning is the planning which deals with the operation issue after setting the strategic planning which is defining how you will function in practice to hightail it your action and monitoring the plans that is how you will deal with the threat, how you will certify the sustainability of the projects achievements, how you will engage with the risk and what your ability needs are. Olympic operational planning is mostly important to conduct a successful Olympic Games. running(a) planning should be well formulated and co- ordinate in straddle to get flawlessly and eff iciently outcome. Mostly Olympic Games take place in a city, which are densely residential areas so plot of land planning operational planning it needs to make sure those close areas and the residue of the city to function as smoothly as attainable all over the event.Event stagingIn simple meaning event staging is the planning and staging unalike stage which need to be place during any event. The simple format of the event staging is drawn below in a circle according to its immensity but it can be varied from one event to another. in that location were 3 divers(prenominal) var.s which was used by Beijing in terms of event staging which are as followsPre -preparation formThis was the phase mingled with December 2001 to June 2003 where Beijing plan to established the organisation structure of the BOCOG and also take all the necessary step to complete the construction of the Olympic venues and the facilities. In between those phase Beijing plan to put merchandise programmes i nto operation and also plan to initiate the construction of EP facilities and urban infrastructure plus a number of tourist and cultural site.Development phaseThis was the phase from July 2003 to June 2006 where Beijing plan to complete its task set out in the 10th five- year plan and plan to swing the overall construction of the Olympic venues and other linked facilities. Beijing also plans to polish the major construction projects of the Olympic venues and other related facilities by June 2006. value and operation phaseIt was the phase between July 2006 to the crack of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games where Beijing plan to in place all the venues and related facilities which will be as per the standard requirement of the Olympic Games. In this phase all the inspection and any necessary improvement will be made to the venues and also test event will be conducted to fasten the smooth operation and all the related services will be accessible.Monitoring an eventTo evaluate the bene fits and challenges set about by China in hosting the Olympic Games.Benefits of hosting the Olympic GamesJob creationHosting a mega event like Olympic Games will shit millions of jobs from construction to the hospitality and tourism related industry which will indeed leave a long lasting economic benefit for the hosting country and its communities. As per the official website of the Beijing Olympic , the Olympic Game serve welled in creating 1.8 million fresh jobs across all sectors of the pecuniary system in year 2008.major building construction helps to give particular 430,000 jobs from 2004 to 2008 plot of ground there were 130,000 new jobs gained in the retail and sweeping industries.PublicityThrough hosting the successful Beijing Olympics china has paved its splendour as a vital player on the global stage .China showed its outstanding organization skill and strong governing capability from the break to closing ceremonies in 2008 Olympic Games and in carrying out the Ol ympic Games itself. And also working together with the athletes ,the government activity ,the party and the ordinary Chinese people for the common purpose which was successful of the Olympic Games was an impressive movement present the National unity and pride to the rest of the world.Infrastructures and tourismBeijing played out jillions of dollar in constructing the new Olympic venues , parks and ,airports ,transportation leak and many small -medium to big five star hotels which was the everlasting benefit for the Chinese infrastructure and specially for Chinese tourism industries. Also Chinese government opened the door for contradictory investors who were willing to invest in hotels ,tourism spot and nearly worked as a joint venture with the international travel agencies which were the huge benefit for the Chinese tourism industry.Challenges of hosting the Olympic GamesSecurityHosting the event especially mega event such as Olympic games is always been in threat because it is hosted by a Nation and it is highlighted to all over the world and the radical people belonging to opposite association and county are look for the purpose of their vocalism to be heard. The modern world where we are go forth now days is always of security threat. None of any part of the world is free from its own security issue either it is from terrorist conference or it is form the diametrical radical communities. Beijing had confront different direct and indirect terrorist and radical communitys threat while hosting an Olympic Games in 2008. Before 1 day to opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in 2008 there was a video released by the A Chinese Islamic group who were demanding the independence for china western Xinjiang region to attack in the Olympic Games. According to Chinese officials there were 16 dead and 16 wounded when the Turkic Muslim group ramped into the joggers with the tossed explosives truck and also stabbed the victims . in that respect were also pe ople been arrested by the Chinese authorities during prior to opening ceremony who were carrying the homemade bombs and a gun holding the written earn that they were prepared to carry out the jihad.Financial strainHosting an Olympic games will hail a lot of financial capital and in both(prenominal) cases the Olympic Games will create a lot deficit to the hosting country economy and it can take countrys economy years to come from that financial deficit. Montreal the host city of1976 Olympic Games is still paying off the cost of staging the 1997 Olympic Games and also Athens the host city of 2004 Olympic Games ran billions of Euros more than the original budget- at country expense. Altogether in total Beijing spent 280 billion Yuan including the Olympics specific operating be and construction of infrastructure facilities. Finally the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games became the most valuable Olympic games in the throughout the Olympic history.PoliticalChina faced one of the largely poli ticised Olympic Games ever in the history. China was strongly criticized by different foreign Governments ,interest groups and other parties for its so-called appalling suppression of press ,human rights record and lack of democracy. Due to the apparent attack on peaceful protest in Tibet in march 2008 china faced more external pressure even rough renowned individuals and foreign leaders boycott their participation in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.PollutionChina faced huge challenges in controlling their air and water pollution during the time of Olympic Games.16 of 20 most grime cities of the perfect world are found in china with the highest level of particulate and sulphur dioxide anywhere. Supplying the clean water is another irritation of the Chinese authorities. 100 out of 640 Chinese largest urban areas are veneer water scarcity. A number of Chinese river are being manage dry and the table water under northern part of china is rapidly falling down. China has spent $100 billion every(prenominal) year to find clean water and treat the existing afoul(ip) water. This tends to be a costly to two human beings and the Chinese economy.Evaluating the appointed and negative impact of the Olympic Games in China.Hosting an event especially mega event like Olympic Games can have a range of both positive and negative impact overall in the hosting country and their community. Furthermore, to discuss the positive and negative impact of Olympic Games cannot be concluded in a paragraph, it needs to discuss touching main aspect of the country and society. So the author had tried to break down the positive and negative impact of the Olympic Games in china in following points. despotic impact of Olympic Games in ChinaEconomicHosting a mega event like the Olympic Games had leave a huge economic impact in a country specially to a developing country like China as it had created new jobs , new opportunities to the citizen and country itself, more tax reven ue to the country. After winning the bid to host Olympic games Beijing started to boom in hotel building reaching 174 four and five star hotels by the end of 2008 which was not the case in the year 2001 where there was only 64 four and five star hotels. The economy of the country boost with the Olympic Games directly and indirectly. The direct income will be from manufacture sponsors ,use advertisements at mass communicate TV , ticket earning where TV relay rights of 2008 in the Olympic games has managed to sold over one billion and six million. Also there was a prediction by different experts before the event took place. Tourism experts expected that there will be 4.5 million tourist which will be from inbound and outbound in Beijing in 2008 and industry analysts predicted that there will be approximately US$4.5billion inbound spending by visitors in 2008 Olympic games. There was prediction by the Beijing tourism administration that there will be 550,000 international visitors duri ng the game. neighborly and CultureA mega event such as Olympic Games can have huge social and cultural impact in a society especially in china which has over 1.3 billion population showcasing different cultures and beliefs. The positive aspect of the mega event such as Olympic games in Beijing 2008 will create new jobs in different sector specially tourism and hospitality sector this will benefit local people in one or other way. Beijing spent nearly 20 million dollars for constructing new roads ,parks ,stadiums and an extended subway system for the preparation of Olympic Games. Beijing put so many efforts to improve air timber ,producing unspotted energy by using the natural gas ,regulating the factories. Because of Olympic game Beijing has upgraded the home heating method, put effort in up the public transportation in a more convenient level, and improving the water treatment . For the preparation of Olympic game Beijing has invested huge sum of currency in public transportati on ,road ,airport ,water allow ,television ,power supply and freedom in internet which was a huge benefit for the society of china. The difference noticed in the Beijing Olympic game was china focussed entire the nation rather than just centering in the hosting city which was calculated as a huge benefit for the entire society of the china.EnvironmentalChina has a huge environmental difficulty ,the five most polluted cities is located at china. The track cause of death in china is cancer which is from pollution. Almost calciferol million people of china are lacking from safe drunkenness water and only 1 percent of countries 560million city dwellers are able to breathe fresh air. After bidding to host the Olympic games 2008 china announced a slogan that was green Olympic where china interconnected green concept into Olympic venues which was seen a success to flow a message that china is concern with the environmental issue to the nation and to the entire world. China has spent $16.4 billion to reduce the pollution level ,they have impose new regulation over factories , use natural gases instead of using coal which was the major cause of pollution to produce cleaner energy, put effort in improving the water treatment and during the Olympic games over 300,000 buses and taxis were replaced with the emit less pollution vehicles. These all are the positive impact of the Olympic Games towards environmental benefit.PoliticalHosting a thriving Olympic Games can drive a city to world class localization leading to business opportunities and increased tourism specially it will leave effective impact in developing cities like Beijing. It will help a country or cities to create a lasting visibility and also it will lift the countrys prestige to international level. It also helps community to stand together for common purpose that will help in uniting the community. In theantiqueOlympics was used asatypeoftactthrough culture for the sake of peaceful decree of confli cts and differences. Olympic Games were used as the means of tactical civic diplomacy pressure sensation in the era of post World War II for causes other than sports. China uses 2008 Olympic Games politically by maintaining the countrys uncompleted process of discipline and transformation, and ad dress the serious problems. Demonstrating its hi-tech development ,socioeconomic revolution and its modernisation, accomplished in the course of peaceful development. Showing an attractive image of the state and using the games for improving the international relationship with rest of the world and also issuing rebuttals to deformed abroad reports about china. Finally successfully managing and organising the mega event like Olympic Games china showed rest of the world that china is not less than anybody its a great achievement for the nation .Negative impact of Olympic Games in ChinaEconomicOrganising the Olympic Games need huge amount of money to be spent from the preparation to the clo sing ceremony and there is no guarantee that the money spent in Olympic Games will be always profitable for the country. There are couple of state which are suffering economically until today after holding the Olympic Games. exceptional spending in the Olympic Games can boost the inflation rate in the Chinese economy which was already a existing problem in china plus tourism flood could put extra upward pressure in Chinese Yuan .During the process of cleansing the air quality and pollution of the Beijing city in the preparation of the Olympic Games, Beijing reduces its Beijing based manufacturing company by half(prenominal) and relocates some of the risky factories outside the city. It cost million dollar loses for the company and the country in terms of revenue making. It was estimated that the company will lose US$350 million as economic loss from reducing their production.Social and CultureIn every event there will be certain benefit for some groups and there will be some loses or discomfort for certain groups. China also made some people unhappy during the process of urbanising the old Beijing city. Some urbanization victim residents fell sad of being their home destroyed and some were unhappy because they didnt have enough compensation of their property lost. During the Olympic plosive consonant the HKS1(Hong Kong Sports Institute ) was converted to competition arena and training ground for dressing and show-jumping which create disruptive to the elite athletes who use to use it.8,400 employees of nerve factory became jobless after the government impose rules to relocate some of the steel factories from the Beijing city. Around 30,000 construction labourers mostly migrated from rural regions and villages of china which were used as a cheap labour during the construction of Olympic venues and related facilities and also some cheap labourer became victim of unpaid fee ,maximum hour ,and risky job.EnvironmentalDuring the Olympic Games there will be eno rmous people in the hosting city who will come from different parts of the world which can create pollution, occupation jams, and congestionAnd it can turn into overcrowded problem. Plus there can be a gamble of destruction of different parks and heritage as during the period of Olympic Games the hosting city will need huge open space for public toilets , crew changing room , and so on.Talking about Beijing since they focus on Green Olympic Games they tried to minimise the environmental damage as far as they could. But they also faced the overcrowded problem during the Olympic Games in 2008 , a huge congestion and traffic jam issue, sound pollution and so on.PoliticalWhile organising the mega events like Olympic Games hosting nation need to go huge political challenges and barriers since there will be a lot of chances of political rights form different groups inside the country and now a days there can be a chances of terrorism attack and also there will be a chance of different s tate and political parties to use the Olympic Games for their own political and national benefits. Plus its the time for different world campaigners such as different human rights group and environmental protectionist to raise their campaign.China faced a lot of political problems while organising the Olympic Games in 2008. There were huge rights in Tibet at the time of Olympic Games who were demanding the separate state from the china. There was a voice from inside and outside the country defending for the Chinese monopoly system. There were a voice for democracy in terms of freedom of press, internet and rights. There were different attempts of terrorism by different terrorist groups trying to fail the effect the Olympic Games and scared the Chinese Government. China also went through huge criticisms from different nation head and political parties some of them even boycott their charge in the opening ceremony.

Comparison of Subculture and Countercultures

affinity of shade grow and Counter nicetysIn any society in that respect ar not all stopping points, but as well as a variety of hit manculture and countercultures that enlarge at bottom society. Subcultures and countercultures are formed by generalizations, occupation, class, lifestyle, likes, dislikes, etc. 1Basically milling machineryculture is a group of peck that antitheticaliate from the bigger culture that they belong to. In earlier 1950s, in that respect has been a distinction betwixt an accepted legal age style and a subculture as an active minority style. Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is subversion to normality. Subcultures lam to be perceived as forbid and get to a disposition of criticism. Subcultures bring together individuals who feel neglected and allow them to develop a sense of identity. 2Counterculture is a sociological term used to describe the discipline and norms of behavior of a heathenish group. Counterculture endure also be expound as a group whose behavior yields from the societal norm. Although distinct countercultural undercurrents consider lasted in many societies, here the term refers to a to a greater extent signifi potfult, megascopic phenomenon that reaches critical mass and persists for a period of time. It is important to distinguish between counterculture, and subculture. 3SubcultureA subculture is a group of individuals that do share some qualities that the studyity of society share, but the group has its own set, beliefs, norms, behavior, etc. Subcultures operate to be created when society endures problems or enjoys common privileges. closely individuals within a subculture prepare common interests and beliefs.Types of subcultureFollowing are the major types of subculture.Organizational CultureA type of subculture that allows members to prepare solidarity, community, and favorable relationships that influence individual behavior. It is the way an face deals with the environmen t.CountercultureIt is a type of subculture that completely disregards societys norms and values and creates upstart ones. They tend to develop when people will not conform to the mainstream. They suffer their own beliefs, problems with cultural integration, and feature their own material culture. 1Racial or nationality subculturesThese subcultures tend to go in their values, ambition and beliefs which get reflected in their consumption priorities, spend give up patterns, purchase behavior, use of credit, social traditions and customs etc.Nowadays multiracial societies like the States comprised of citizens who come from different nationalities or belong to different races.Religious subculturesMost societies of the world today consist of people subscribing to different religions, which whitethorn differ in their beliefs, values and customs. The religious subgroups may follow different custom, have important rites of passage (like birth, marriage and death) performed in different ways and have different festivals. 4Counter culture vs. Sub cultureCounterculture can be delimitate as a group whose behavior deviates from the societal norm. It is different to the mainstream culture in their politics, norms, social beliefs, and way of dress and social structures. (or)A counter culture is one that reacts against the prevailing culture in place. voice Throughout the last century examples of counterculture might be the suffragettes, the green movement, polygamists and feminists, lubber movement and the infamous hippie counterculture movement of the 1960s, are formed and exist to oppose the pre controlling culture.All of these counter cultures have specific beliefs and values that cause social change.Counter cultures are large movements that cause social change.Counter cultures are against mainstream culture.5Members of a counterculture come together around their relish to reject movements within the large, dominant culture. age members have this opposition in co mmon, they may not share religious or political affiliations, connatural socioeconomic situations, or values.Countercultures can be both negative and positive.They can also become larger when more people are baffling and assimilate into the mainstream just as subcultures in general have this potential.6Biker Gangs, dose users, career criminals, prisoners, and terrorists have in common that they all have negative perceptions from society and are countercultures. 7SubcultureA sub culture can have its own beliefs, norms and values, but they are generally able to exist within mainstream culture.Their beliefs or manner of being may be different copious to make them stand out, but they are not at odds with society.Subculture is a culture shared and actively typeicipated in by a minority of people within a broader culture.Examples sub cultures might be Goths, emos, surfies, homies etc. Jews and Tea company members are both examples of subcultures in the U.S. While the Jewish subcultu re is based around shared religious values, the Tea Party movement was primarily founded around dissatisfaction with the political status.Sub cultures tend to also share common interests and experience.Sub cultures can exist within mainstream culture.5Sub cultures are united by common aesthetics, interests and experience.Subcultures are distinctive segments of the larger culture of a region or society that are mark by shared interests in music or cultural phenomena, rank and file in a specific ethnic or religious group, or shared socioeconomic status.While some subcultures exist in contradistinction to the societys dominant culture, others exist harmoniously within it.Subcultures incorporate large parts of the broader cultures of which they are part, but in specifics they may differ radically.Subcultures bring together like individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and allow them to develop a sense of identity.Subcultures can be distinctive because of the age, ethnicit y, class, location, and/or gender of the members. 6The qualities that determine a subculture as distinct may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical or a combination of factors.They certain(p)ly play an important office in any individual life and help to explain how each soulfulness develops a frame of reference. 7Everybody has their own perceptions on society, values, and life in general. Values, attitudes, gestures, and sanctions tend to stem from the dominant culture in ones life.Throughout the dominant culture that a person spends his or her time in learning and changing through different experiences many subcultures have essential.Subcultures allow people, who share corresponding interests to assimilate, socialize, gives them a sense of belonging and fellowship among peers.8SimilaritiesCountercultures and subcultures both identify themselves in juxtaposition to the dominant culture of a society.Members usually dress and act as in different way s than average citizens of a society and are usually identifiable by their different appearances.DifferencesCulture is made up of an amalgamation of subcultures. So, a single subculture is a small segment of the larger culture, which is usually defined by shared socioeconomic status or a common cultural interest.A counterculture, on the other hand, is defined by their opposition to the dominant culture. A member of a counterculture may oppose the prevailing cultures values. Or, it could just oppose certain segments of the culture, or certain subcultures.A subculture is differs slightly from the dominant culture in a society, darn a counterculture opposes the culture or subculture itself.6Literature reviewDick Hebdige argued that a subculture is subversion to normality. Subcultures tend to be perceived as negative and have a nature of criticism. 9According to Hebdige, subcultures are actually an alternative and reconfiguration of the dominant cultures. As his all very brief reference s to sinister and West Indian cultures suggest that he considers these cultures to be transplanted dominant cultures within British society. This falsehood raises the question of whether ethnic groups or minorities fit into Hebdiges notion of what constitutes any a parent culture or subculture. 10According to Wolfgang Ferracuti, subculture is a normative strategy of some group or groups smaller than the whole society .This implies that there are value judgments or a social value system which is apart from and a part of a central value system. just now a subculture is only partly different from the larger culture, and cannot be all in all different from the culture of which it is a part otherwise it is what Wolfgang called contra culture. This implies that the subculture has some major values in common with the dominant parent culture.The transmission of sub cultural values fills a learning process that establishes a active lasting linkage between the values and the individu als .But also important to Wolfgangs subculture of delirium theory is the notion that people may be born into a subculture.They argue that the black subculture actually values force-out and that it is an integral helping of the subculture which experiences high rates of homicide. Just as the dominant society punishes those who deviate from its norms, deviance by the comparatively non-violent individual from the norms of the violent subculture is likewise punished, either by being ostracized, or treated with disdain or indifference. Also, the more a person is integrated into this subculture, the more intensely he embraces its prescriptions of behavior, its cover norms, and integrates them into his personality.The subculture of violence theory might be even more applicable today than it was when it was first published, especially with regard to juvenile crime. It seems to be a common fear that adolescents today are more violent and scatty in empathy than those of only a generati on or two ago.Parker (1989) criticisms of the black subculture of violence model are manyFirst, the use of global indicators describing an integral class of people, southerners or blacks, assumes that these communities are homogeneous in values and lifestyle, an impudence that is clearly false for any group as large as these groups. Second, particularly in the case of blacks, it entails an implicit pejorative indictment of urban minority residents and communities, which is unfair and racist in nature. Finally this approach ignores the role of institutionalized racism itself in producing a link between violence and racial composition.Wolfgangs subculture of violence theory has had its share of critics. Erlanger (1974), Parker (1989), Shihadeh and Steffensmeier (1994), are just a few of the investigators who have failed to find the theory useful in explaining sub cultural violence. Other authors have found that the sub-culture of violence theory is a useful model, particularly when it is used along with other theories Benedict and ability. Kennedy and Baron call for such an integrative approach, and assert that often, different theories may attendant one another. Finally, still other researchers continue to rely upon the model. 11Scholars differ in the characteristics and specificity they attribute to counterculture. Counterculture might oppose mass culture,or middle-class culture and values. Counterculture is sometimes conceptualized in terms of generational conflict and rejection of older or adult values.It typically involves criticism or rejection of currently powerful institutions, with sequential hope for a divulge life or a refreshing society.Countercultures tend to peak, and then go into decline, leaving a lasting disturb on mainstream cultural values. Their life cycles include phases of rejection, growth, partial acceptance and ingress into the mainstream.According to Sheila Whiteley, recent developments in sociological theory complicate and pro blematize theories developed in the 1960s, with digital technology, for example, providing an impetus for new understandings of counterculture. Andy Bennett writes that despite the theoretical arguments that can be raised against the sociological value of counterculture as a meaty term for categorizing social action, likesubculture, the term lives on as a concept in social andcultural theory to become part of a received, mediated memory.12ConclusionThe term counter-culture is not entirely an satisfactory way of describing all of the changes that took place for several reasons some changes were a attainment of events throughout the century, other changes were due to scientific discoveries which have always take ind new ideas and ways of looking at the world, and many changes can be better described as movements or ideologies.14Subcultures allow people, who share similar interests to assimilate, socialize, gives them a sense of belonging and fellowship among peers.Sub cultural stu dies often involve participant-observation, and may variously emphasize sociological, anthropological, or semiotic analysis in lay to address the organization and production of relational, material, and symbolic structures and systems. 15Suggestion fit sub-cultures share leaderships conceptualizations of how tasks should be accomplished how employees can advance and take on greater responsibility how employees interact with each other the ways in which change is accepted and accomplished and how new knowledge is acquired and perpetuated.Distinct, healthy sub-cultures are organizationally aligned in their understanding of how they must perform to produce successful and acceptable results and outcomes.Leaders actively seeking to influence their organizations culture must consider sub-cultures.The major point here is to make true that you are integrating and linking your sub-cultures into the broader, intended cultural objectives.Accept and foster copious sub-cultures while consiste ntly communicating how employees must perform in order for the organization to be successful.13

The Current Existing Strategy Marketing Essay

The Current vivacious Strategy merchandise EssayFirstly, the Nyam Nyam result is produce by Arnotts partnership from Australia. Arnotts is a bombastic food companies in Asia Pacific region such as tonic Zealand, Malaysia, Ind mavinsia, Singapore and Japan. The Arnotts companion was grown up during the past 146 years ago. nonp aril of the company was invested to Arnotts company is Campbell soup Companys and its iconic discolorations. So, the Campbell Soup Company as synonymous with Arnotts company selling the favourite cookies and snacks. Besides that, Campbell Soup company argon selling the Nyam Nyam reaping which is different types of flavor such as Chocoberry, Chocolate, sift frizzy, Strawberry, Sugar Rice, Mr.Nyam Nyam and slickness Chocochips. The Anotts company was cr saped a good surroundings to identify opportunity for reducing water consumption and minimize the aim of incase material which sack up example recycled material. It as well as create a Arnotts Foundation to provide a donation to help poor children derriere study tumesce. Besides that, I think that the Arnotts company has done a good job to satisfy collectr needs and protect earth environment. On the former(a) hands, approximately properly of the Nyam Nyam mathematical product imported from Australia as well as Indonesia. In Indonesia, the manufacturer to produce the Nyam Nyam product as a other franchise manufacture export to another countries. They besides concord the great tasting and eccentric biscuits to attract the target earreach to taint it. It oerly consider a good choice for consumer to try for it. The Campbell Soup company no just selling the Arnotts product but in any case selling other brand which is Pergo, Kimball, V8, Cheong Chan and etc. They also leading company specializing in the manufacturer of the sauce and soup. The Nyam Nyam brand is just a categories from the Arnotts company.Arnotts is a brand name which subsidiary of Campbell company. Campbell Soup Company is the leader of nobleman and marketer of soup in the word. In their Asia Pacific region, headquarter of Campbells company is hardened at Sydney, Australia. Campbell produce soups, biscuits, beverages and sauces to Australia, China, Korea, New Zealand, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore.Campbell brand portfolio includes Arnotts, Tim Tam, heavy Time, and Nyam Nyam biscuits. Arnotts brand is Australian first choice biscuit brand which occupy 60 percent market sh atomic number 18. Arnotts includes savory and sweet-smelling flavours, such as Tim Tam and comminuted Teddy.In 1865, a small bakery opened in Newcastle, northeastward of Sydney. It produced bread and biscuits to local battalion as well as the crews of ships that docked at the port temporarily. From these small beginnings, a company whose name is synonymous with Australias most favourite biscuits and snacks is being rouse up now.Arnotts is one of the largest food companies in the Asia Pacif ic area. For Australians, Arnotts is not only than a food enterprise, its a piece of Australias report and national icon. It has grown up with Australian over the past 146 years. much than 50,000 Australians work together with Arnotts since past decades. Arnotts also employs several thousand people among Asia Pacific countries such as New Zealand, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. Arnotts ongoing improvement has been support by the Campbell Soup Companys investment.Arnotts exported products continue to increase. Australian-made biscuit has been shipped to over 40 countries some the word including USA, Indonesia, Malaysia and etc.As one of the largest food companies in Asis Pacific, Arnotts also involve in environmental policy to fulfill its loyalty to mental test commercial enterprise in a method that respects and protect our family. Arnotts also regulate efforts on reducing energy consumption. The company is one of the signatories to the case Packaging Covenant. Arn otts intend to minimize the use of packaging material and batten the environmental influences of consumer packaging waste are nether control and minimized.Campbells Malaysia direct since December 1995, is an established multinational food company based in Malaysia with headquarters in the USA and regional offices in Australia. Campbells Malaysia is a gentlemans gentleman leading company specializing in the manufacture and sales of soup and sauces. Readers gestate recognized Campbells world-class portfolio with an Outstanding Brand Performance award in 2002. Also, Campbell has achieved many awards and certifications.Campbells Arnotts is Asia Pacific business, headquartered in Sydney, Australia, and supplies biscuits, soups, sauces and beverages to Australia, New Zealand, Greater China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore. The brand portfolio includes Arnotts, Tim Tam, Nyam Nyam and Good Time biscuits, Campbells and Swanson soups, stocks and sauces a nd V8 beverages. They have production facilities in Australia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. They also market and plow such brands asKimballsauces andCheong Chanethnic Chinese sauces in Thailand, Brunei, and Vietnam.Product FeaturesThe Nyam Nyam product has a different kind of categories of flavor such as Chocolate, Chocoberry, Strawberry, Rice Crispy and Mr.Nyam Nyam. The first of the Nyam Nyam product come pop out is Mr.Nyam Nyam and is a certain taste of the product. After that, the another of flavor of the Nyam Nyam product was come out in the marketplace. Besides that, the important of the recess design is differently. Some of the box design is half of the flavor taste and biscuits. For instance, the Chocoberry has three of the place to put the biscuits and hot chocolate strawberry taste. Furthermore, the box of Nyam Nyam have tall or unsound size of it design. Besides, they also using different of color to differentiate which one is the flavor of the product. But, one of th e Nyam Nyam product is different from the another which is Teddy Chocochips. The Teddy Chocochips using small teddy design and put inside a chocolate chips. In addition, the Mr.Nyam Nyam and Rice Crispy are using sieve crispy but the color are different which is the all criticise color and another is prismatic rice crispy. On the other hands, they use the tiger as a mascot to represent the Nyam Nyam brand. Most properly of the children pass on the like to eat the Chocoberry flavor because of two taste.Colourful and small size packaging has the qualification to let kids to love it. Vivid designs attract the kids soft from other similar products. The Nyam Nyam logo with rainbow background represents the vigor of small kids. Nyam Nyam prolong variety flavours includes chocoberry, chocolate, rise crispy, strawberry and sugar rice. For boys, they may prefer chocolate flavor and for girls, strawberry maybe their preference.Nyam Nyam is the preferable snacks as it includes biscuits a nd sweets mechanical press. There are two sectors inside the packaging. One is space to put long biscuit sticks and another one is hold the jam. Kids can choose whether they want to dampish the sticks with big amount of jam or least. Normally, kids get out eat until the jam finish with their dirtied fingers, but they are make whoopieing with the product.The personalized tiger is the symbolism of Nyam Nyam. tiger always emerge at the packaging to rouse the kids astir(predicate) Nyam Nyam. We becharm publicizings with the tiger agitate Nyam Nyam. The image of the tiger is affine and it able walk-to(prenominal) to kids. The tiger put up it thumbs to praise Nyam Nyam, and it is always the most mere(a) way to tell a kid this is a good product for them.On the packaging, the product image is printed and it tells the kids what is inside the product. When kids see it, they know the sweet jam and the biscuit is their preference and they ordain grab one. Nyam Nyam also provides curb calories of one kids daily need.Nyam Nyam is under the brands Arnotts. The flavor included chocoberry, chocolate and strawberry. The packaging consists of the brand Arnotts, the logo Nyam Nyam, the tiger and rainbow. Overall the design is more on cartoon styles with lots of colorful features. The product type is biscuit, flavor is slam dance and texture is crispy. The size of the cup is suitable enough to fit in the palm with one hand place Nyam Nyam one hand holding the biscuit. There are two parts inside, with one fills with cream and another fills with stick biscuit. From the information and images of the packages, customers can clearly know about the product features, it is very obviousCurrent Target MarketThe target audience of the Nyam Nyam product is children between 6-12 years old. This is because most of the children will like to eat snack and sweet. So, the Arnotts company was create a flavor biscuit in a different kind of box design. Its attract the kids to de honoura bleize their product and try every taste of the Nyam Nyam product. Before that, the kids was liked the Mr.Nyam Nyam and Rice Crispy which are different of color and chocolate flavor. Nowadays, most of the children will like to eat the chocoberry, chocolate and strawberry flavor and biscuits. In the marketplace, the children have a lot of choice to choose different kind of brands. So, Nyam Nyam was using advertisement to reinforce and capture kids attention. The children may choose Nyam Nyam product. The Arnotts was consider the kids healthy and bump off action to significantly reduce the level of TFAs(Trans Fatty Acids) in their biscuits by replacing partially hydrogenated animal fats with vegetable oils. It can be lets the children caoutchouc to consume the product.With the dispute around denote to children set to intensify, Arnotts iterate it commitment to not target product to kids who under 12 years old. Arnotts mechanism its marketing to Children Policy. This action is ass istd by health professionals, academics and consumers.Recently, Arnotts is target at young males. It developed a schema to reflect guys life approach truth. What reason to make guys dream of stopping in his track and going away work? Arnotts new advertisement campaign want to rouse guys to enjoy back their relaxing childhood.Arnotts target market is women aged 25-40. The brand was targeting a niche high-class market to perform quality and prestige. Successful women over 30 were included as target audience.Nyam Nyam is targeting kids market. With the increases of purchasing power of people, crave for biscuits has increased. Nyam Nyam is affordable to kids with their own pocket money. Compared with other similar products, Nyam Nyam is attractive with its colorful packaging. Color is a visual language, it pull ahead participation. Kids are ordinarily attracted by its packaging at first sight. Besides, Nyam Nyam is place in the market with other kids targeting products. The placeme nt of the product also influences the sales of the products. Nyam Nyam place with other kids targeting products pixilated that they will be able to grab the products easily as usually they will go straight to the part which attract them.Current Existing StrategyThe Arnotts company was known that have a lot of contention in the marketplace. So, they come up a strategy to attract kids to buy their product. They create a competition about correct the sticker can win a grand prize. It also using media to lets kids know about the competition. This kind of the strategy can lead the children to join this event and consume the product. Besides, the prize of this competition can lets kids feel have a probability to win grand prize which is PS3. On the other hands, the Arnotts company are discuss technologies role in lineup development. Nowadays, the development of Smartphones and sociable media are growth up. So, they using Facebook or Twitter to get feedback for guide menu development and recipe development. For the instance, most properly of the children are using smartphones or social media such as Facebook and it can be get consumer feedback and information. utilize this information, to reinforce the product features and improve product management. After that, Arnotts company has promote the Nyam Nyam product through the advertisement about the chocoberry. In malaysia, most of the kids will like to watch TV and saw the Nyam Nyam advertisement. They will try go to retail or shopping center to buy the Nyam Nyam product.Arnotts current strategy include reduce environmental impact of packaging. It follows the instruction of sustainable packaging guidelines. It tries to reduce the negative effects of packaging to achieve resource efficiency. The murder of design and procurement starting form a simple and complaisant environmental method. For example, Arnotts explore major pack and case optimization opportunities crossways the range of sweet biscuits. It aspires to optimize packaging without compromising product quality and safety.Arnotts also take care of consumers accessibility. It improve easy-open functionality of it product. With the improvement, consumer will not compositors case the problem of hard to open the packaging and it save effort and at ease for them.The trend today is all about green environment. Arnotts focuses on efficiently collect and recycle packaging. Packaging is a process waste convalescence system at all manufacturing lays. Many of Arnotts existing packaging materials already contain recycled material. In2010, 58% of all Arnotts packaging had a minimum of 95% recycle materials. It has built up Green teams at each site to help improvement of waste management. Arnotts also encourages with companies who buy cardboard cases directly as packaging rather than recycling again. It also training mental faculty on the colour coded waste stream manufacture.Follow by the moral values principles, Arnotts shared responsib ility throughout whole supply chain. It will review each packaging element and provide consumer the correct notion around the issue of recycling and disposal of packaging. Arnotts continue this plan to encourage anti-littering behavior. It company also have a no-plastic bag policy at staff sites. The company gives a free multi-use bag for every employee. This is used to remind the staff to consider the environment when grocery shopping.Arnotts has sustainability resources and the responsibility to identifying curtain raising of carbon footprint can be reduced. Campbells Arnotts has a core business strategy which is advance a powerful commitment to sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Therefore, it always abides by its promise.Campbell Arnotts only advertise food and beverage products to children under 12 years old if those products represent healthy dietary choices. Their advertising messages are in the context of a healthy lifestyle, designed to encourage the targe t audience. Since healthy lifestyles became common nowadays, advertising messages is important to influence the kids and also their parents whom educate them. Effective advertising messages are able to affect the brand positioning and brand loyalty in consumers mind.

Non Print Media On Education Education Essay

Non Print Media On Education Education EssayThe compulsive impact of non-print media on education is increasingly important among students who are fight to visualize English in school settings. As Aufderheide (1993) claims, media influences peoples insureing of affectionate reality. In severaliseicular, non-print media has a close relationship with contemporary technology which students stool access to in their daily life. The value, belief and understanding of the earthly concern views whitethorn be constructed from non-print media. For example, the first point is that their participation in online chat provides a precious opportunity to communicate with people in the whole sphere so as to cleanse their oral communication expression and construct the world views. Secondly, commenting on fan fiction processing and evaluating online in influenceation are right for students to share opinions and develop captious thinking. Thirdly, playing video games, in around ways, deve lops students narrative thoughts, which is helpful for improving their written compositions. Therefore, we need to recognize the veridical pleasures and benefits students receive from non-print media.Compared with the previous blog 3, I place an emphasis on the teachers input this time. The teacher go out teach students language structures which testament be white plagued in partingisation captions and utilize non-print media such as video segments and photos to guide students. When students understand what they need to do in the nett exhibit, they will pay more attention to non-print media effectively in the preparation stages and little by little find non-print media assisting their language learning.Barthes (1968) indicates that a hold openrly text has various meanings, and it requires people to actively explore and appreciate it. Students are asked to make photo albums and recreate or score out one character based on the maestro icon they get hold of. In the prepa ration stage their abilities of innovative thinking and language technique are gradually developed. For example, in my activities, the teacher gives examples of how to utilization language structures to write photo captions. It is a helpful way to construct students basic fellowship. When students understand the instructions, they can take the initiative to discuss, search for useful in unioniseation and imprint in cooperation with each other. Task 2 requires students to recreate or delete a character and this part is not taught in class still needs students active exploration and appreciation. In the presentation, students need to do bonny assumptions and give detailed explanations.In my activities, fictile measure outment will be used to monitor students learning progress and score their final presentation because formative assessment is an effective tool to adapt the teaching to find students need. There are some reasons why I use formative assessment. First, it helps th e teacher to know what students learn at a particular finale and modify the instruction accordingly. For instance, when students ask the teacher questions or present what they go through through with(p), the teacher will know current status of their language skill and give them advice. Because of effective feedback from the teacher, students may find opportunity to revise and rethink their learning. I think students need to ask themselves what I have done and what I need to improve in every step. Second, it helps students to reduce pressure. moldable assessment is an ongoing assessment and it focus on process kinda than results. In every stage, students may receive the teachers feedback and other peers suggestion, so they may have clear direction how to do better in the final presentation. To a accredited extent, it releases students pressure. Their participation in discussion and feedback time overly gives them chances to modify and replan the upcoming presentation because the role of formative assessment is to improve learning. So the purpose of victimisation formative assessment is to help the teacher and students clear know learning improvement in every stage. A students feedback form will be designed as one part of formative assessment because I think students self-reflective process is very important. When modify in the feedback form, they may rethink what they have done, where they should improve and what they learn from this cooperation work. Students feedback form helps the teacher to modify the instruction, and create appropriate lessons and activities next time.Teaching framework and AssessmentTarget groupF.6 ESL students with high English proficiency curriculum Size6 groups of 4 students (24 students)Learning Objectivesimpart basic knowledge of language structuresimprove communication and cooperation skills by using non-print mediadevelop critical perspectives on picture fork out characters adaptationimprove their confidence in addr ess EnglishNon-print media involvedPhotoMoviesElectronic MagazineFacebookWebsitesRequirementsStudents work in groups of 4. separately group needs to make a photo album and the photos (not more than 15) need tobe chosen from the picture show they watch.Task1 Present photo captions (15 proceeding each group) by using certain language structures(the teacher will give the input before the presentation). all(prenominal) student need toattend the presentation.2 Based on the original movie, recreate or delete one character and state reasons. bookingDurationInputOutput kinsfolk 4thLesson 140 minutesBreak 15 minutesThe teacher needs to1 teach students some language structures which are used in photo captions2 tell students what content and features should be involved in captionsThe students will1 understand how to use a one-sentence or two-sentence description in a photo caption2 know how to use a photo caption to best present the movie themeLesson 240 minutes3 show some movie segments and necessitate photos which best present the theme4 give the examples by using language structures to describe photosStudents preparation stage1 Students review what they learn in class individually.2 Students discuss which movie they want to choose and what photos best represent the theme.(Remarks Students can share ideas after class or use online tools such as Facebook because it functions as a discussion jump on and photo sharing platform.3 Students can read some electronic magazines because they include the latest news of movies and characters, a great number of photos and movie theatre reviews.4 If necessary, students can ask the teacher questions when they meet difficulties.5 Each group spends some time rehearsing the presentation.DateDurationStudentsThe teacherSep 16thLesson 350 minutesBreak 15 minutesContinuous 50 minutes1 play some movie segments and briefly introduce the main theme and content2 show photos album and use certain language structures to describe the photos3 lucubrate the reasons why your group recreate or delete one character4 Other groups students can ask questions if necessary1 assess each groups presentation2 ask questions after the presentationFeedback number PresentationGroup ___ Group members name___________________ Grade________Assessment items involve improvementSatisfactoryGoodExcellentIdeas and organisaiton1 back use certain language structures to describe photos2 Can link the movie theme and supporting details to photos3 Can express reasons why recreate or delete a character111222333444Language1 Can use appropriate nomenclature and expressions2 Can use grammar structure clearly11223344Pronunciation and delivery1 Can pronounce words clearly and accurately2 Can speak at a measured pace3 Can make the voice hear satisfactorily1112223334444Communicative strategies1 Can use appropriate body language (i.e. eye contact, movements, gestures)2 Can use the available time to acme the main point3 Can finish the presentation in the r egulated time111222333444Cooperation and Responses1 Can cooperate with group members fluently2 Can answer the teacher and other students questions immediately11223344CommentStudents feedback formNon-print MediaLess useAppropriate useUsually useto a greater extent oftenPhotoMoviesElectronic MagazineFacebookWebsitesDo you think non-print media is useful in your language learning? If Yes/No, state some reasons._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What difficulties you meet when you showtime your group work?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In your mind, what do you need to improve in your final presentation?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________What do you learn from this group work?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Do you have any suggestion for the next activity?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________